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Viking expeditions

VIKING Togt

Much has been made of the expeditions "Viking" as simple assaults of pirates in small settlements or helpless monasteries, however, I intend with this article show you that, after a Norse expedition (one of the different types of outlets) had a huge load background and preparation, since we all agree in conceiving the Norse, as a man not prone to "improvisation."

Certainly, nothing was left to "chance" in one of these expeditions, Togt from now we should start because from the beginning, to make the concepts more understandable, a little fabulous, and we invent an avatar that Einarr call.

bondi Einarr is a really powerful and rich. Call it the most powerful in the landsby (a settlement where we can find several boer, ie, farms or family farms more or less near.) The common is that these landsby consist of a central farm, owned by a senior bondi, surrounded by the other satellite farms of relatives and friends, but this particular is not essential.

However, if it is a fact that every settlement has a leader, known as houvding. For its economic status, is the landowner who has the right to have a hird or personal army, is also, imvariablemente that builds the great hall, or Hall of which we have heard in the sagas. Einarr is because the leader of their community, the master of a Land, a large portion of land, and possibly also the owner of a ship. This was located above the other farms that orbit around him, made all for a great Skali or main building, surrounded by some business buildings can be stable, barn, built on the already well off ... and Of course, for status bondi average, Grubbe or huts of the most disadvantaged workers in their possessions. But Einarr this to another level, the farm has now not only a Hall, where he receives visitors and celebrate festivities, but also has forged for smitr a naustr or shipyard where he works on building a new ship smid, barns and everything imaginable utility building for a rich man. Perhaps, with appropriate support of close relatives and some friends interested, and of course counting on the support of some jarl, the equivalent of an earl or lord of war, may be proposed to be raised to Konungr, after all, is not that raw military power in the king of a fjord, but rather the potential to ensure its people peace and prosperity. And a rich man has that possibility, since the money warrants if necessary, the swords necessary in case of conflict.

Einarr But it was not always a wealthy man, started out as all bondi, perhaps helping to pay for a small Togt, with the capital that might have been bequeathed by Odal, or expensively met to start a new life if was not favored by the estate and did not want to spend a few long years of service to his brother named Bondi Boer. Little importance, such as meetings this first sum of money to become part of a commercial enterprise. What is known as felag possibly make contact with their first partners, as these expeditions were traditionally prepared. Keep in mind that Scandinavia is still extremely sparse ground today. So, the distances between settlements can be considerable, and must be an opportunity for reunion and social skills. And we have ample references to the "social event" Viking by definition, we refer, of course the assemblies of the Thing.

They not only all matters were settled judiricos, but are preparing all sorts of social events relevant to the community, as could be, arranged marriages, buying and selling livestock, the assistance needed between farms for harvesting crops, and of course, the deals were arranged to prepare the expedition!. And such arrangements were simple and could never take to complete.

Say, for Einarr now things are more simple, has a magnificent Knarr and is rich enough to afford much of the costs of a Togt, but when he started to carve out a name, things might be very different ... And put to imagine a more or less difficult for our man, say, with excasos 17 years, is a small amount that corresponds to the distribution of Odal of his late father. It had decided to leave the family farm in the hands of his older brother, perhaps as being more endowed for the government of the family estate. Not matter the reasons, there are not many options for Einarr its share of the inheritance does not allow more than that, buy a small portion in the gaard (fertile land). In any case, have the protection of his brother no doubt, but detract years orbiting around him, to go to thrive and make their own fortune. Therefore, in the encounter with other men in your situation, amid the bustle of the last thing, is his big chance.

So, deal with people at your level and condition, gives an opportunity to be part of an organized Togt contributions from several partners or Felag. Each member contributes a specified amount to help hire a ship and pay for the groceries needed for passage. Also, the felag unites them in a series of common duties and obligations, including forming a lid, that is, a force that is defensive in nature and property interests, but in practice, may well serve to give a little surprise attack if the opportunity arises the occasion. Although they are supposed to elect a chief orders (perhaps by social status or simply for being the most suited to the knob, the more experienced or any other mistreatment of convenience), the association that forms the lid as "armed group" is composed of free men which they provide service of protection of their interests. Quite Hird other than being a "private army", with characters and legal considerations. Only the great bondi have the right to protect their land with a personal army, and of course each has its jarl elite guard, made up of "professional warriors, but these adventurers along your little expedition for his benefit can only be covered by the right to form a lid and protect from all his own.

In terms of preparation, let's say the ship is necessary to prepare thoroughly, and that obviously depends on the nature of the expedition, the "necessary" is radically different, if it comes to selling and trading, or try the strandhogg. Generally, each Togt and is designed in advance, as trade mission or at drage i viking "(from looting and pillaging). In any case, will need food, water and buttermilk to drink (apparently despite the Norse myth, was not drinking and introduce stricter standard on board!), Crusty bread, dried meat and fish and plenty of salted butter. As our still very young Einarr saldra to try trading in a small and flourishing by (cities) coastal presumably embark vadmal bundles (thick woolen cloth), tanned hides, walrus ivory and possibly also quite abundant amber in the cold north and much appreciated by ofebres in sales positions.

is also necessary to find a good styrimadr, ie an experienced ship captain, both in the government of the ship, as in the handling of the rudder and knowledge of the routes. An interpreter will also tolk or valued as well as a shipwright smidur, and if some ask, also a smitr (blacksmith). Young arms will also need to take the oars, men, just as they begin to be Einarr a name with only 16 or 17. They are known as "Dreng", the "cast", which gathered the courage to seek a new life, many never returned home, will fall in battle if the expedition becomes violent, but those who pass the test, will be considered "men" and have passed the skapraum, proof of worth and character.

not fare badly in his first outing Einarr, returned home with a good amount from the sale of skins vadmal and his clan, and with some extra amount of money the result of some simple coup de . Of this money, will not have to account to his clan, his by right.

Even vikingetogter saldra another, with his companions, perhaps no longer in charge Knarr, but in a snekja, snake boat, lighter and equipped to hand strikes in rivers. Are traded or acted militarily in carefully assaults studied under the circumstances. Every free man has the right to bear arms as part of a fight. This time, it is back over the ship's belly full of silver or alternatively, valuables. We must therefore move away from the Borg, city or fortified settlements, which may seriously endanger the expedition. All borg is necessarily a fyrd a group organized for defense, and although the Viking era is characterized by deep divisions within each state, it is also true that the Nordic and strandhogg away much of the myth that we have wanted make believe Christian writings. No hordes of hundreds of screaming Vikings to raid a town or an abbey, the Togt bondi organized by small, even if this second exit, where they have assembled a ship that belongs to all of society felag rarely spend of about fifty men.

This time, they have collected enough men to man two ships, however, do not reach the hundred. And despite that, they will not averse to the assaults, they are not suicidal, not to fight if they see that the settlement is well defended. They will return home, having traded a little with what they had in their output, and partly with abstracted, and return home with a good capital and now with his fosbroedralag well established. The sacred brotherhood, and join them for life, will be allies in the battle and business partners undertaken. Have prospered together, and fought together as well. So, now there are bonds of trust and brotherhood among them.

Einarr already has sufficient capital to make your own wedding, the union is considered appropriate for their own clan, and that of her family. Both are very similar to a fortune and even range, so their union not only reinforce and strengthen the two families.

Now, years pass and Einarr has prospered, trading and pillaging as opportunity. Take your life in a feat of arms that make him worthy of being soguligr, ie, a character of saga. Say your decrees konungr a Leba forced to go on an expedition of war. Rather, a full-scale invasion. It is in such raids, which forged the myth of the jarl, the lord of the battle. As we have seen and corresponds to his rank, a hird, an elite guard of warriors experts at your service. But they also offer their king a number of men set to form the fylki, the army of konungr. In times of Harald Bluetooth, Ringborg were created coastal forts round, where the warriors were trained. It is assumed that each settlement was to contribute to the cam, with provisions and possibly men to arm the Leding (float). The flyking (battle formation) was formed by several fani (banners), ie several smaller armies, united in "combat wing" at the top of which we have a specially equipped jarl as stallare (lieutenant or leader). All these troops will be under the orders of Konungr or AlgrHigh (the exalted), the leader of the whole army. Now if we are talking about a really powerful army, a fleet of hundreds of ships, and perhaps several thousand men, but is that whether we speak of a full-scale invasion, such as the Norsemen carried the English coast and that would eventually establish the Danegeld. Needless to say, that in these cases, the cam is compulsory in the army, would highlight the hird expertly trained warriors, but there will also be room for newbies it will be like all meat expendable army in battle.

returned with riches and honors bestowed by Konungr, and already we have become a man grn, owner of an expanse of land, abundantly rich to be owner of his own ship, capable of erecting a hall that give prestige and glory. We could almost stand as a candidate for "king" of its fjord, though, pay tribute to a supreme master of all the land of his nation (although this will not show until almost the end of the Viking era!). We still have a last exit, the most ambitious in the Einarr participate, since it's organized.

We will have an Kaupfer, a commercial expedition, in which the arming of his own ship, and help equip another 4 more. A full-fledged merchant fleet. High-value goods will be transported to the trade to koubsteder, trade settlements, large coastal cities, where trade with the rest of the rich neighboring countries and received goods from the most remote trade routes all the old Europe. These enclaves are endowed with great haun, ports and docks, where they arrived commercial ships. So, although it will not go unarmed, is not the idea of \u200b\u200blooting as they moved, but the trade with products they have and are coveted by other nations, and in turn, enriches, leading to their community, objects and properties that are virtually unknown in his homeland.

And here, where almost the end of our history, we find a Einarr rich and powerful, and far from the "Viking" as the looting, now, is more, a prosperous merchant and landowner, but not even, is free to face the sea and a commercial crossing, without confronting the sourouvere, known as "rats of the sea."

Remember the image of the "terrible Svein" in the popular series "Vicky the Viking"?. For such men existed, pirates in the broadest sense of the word. Do not forget that the goods they carry those ships, even guarded by men from the north, were a hearty booty, coveted by pirates (Nordic too!). Sourouvere were these men, regardless of any law, or sometimes, a kind of pirates in the service of rival clans and kings. In any case, large commercial cities, came to have a leding, a fleet intended purely to defend the enclave and to purge the seas of these pirates.

If all goes well, return to their domains, with a fortune in coins and really valuable goods, and little remains to Einarr to achieve, owns extensive land and livestock, a wealthy merchant, and prestige guaranteed support of the great jarl of the area.

His voice is taken into account in the assemblies, may soon be a king ... but that, my friends, would ya, another story ...

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OF FEARS OF MAN THE MYTH

GHOSTS In Norse mythology

Grímr the Calvo has just died, their families rush to the earliest rituals, such as cutting hair and nails of the deceased, and is not purely for aesthetic at a funeral, but to (literally), delaying the end of humanity and the gods themselves in the Ragnarok, and that the fallen of Hel, the way to Asgard sailed on ships made of nails of the deceased, with sails made woven with human hair. Yet, despite what may seem far fetched that the Icelandic funeral rite, well described in the saga of Egil Skallagrimsson whereby, broke the wall of the house to remove the dead, and was sealed after, coming to give a long walk through the streets of the village, so that, literally, the dead do not find his way back home and can not return to do evil to his family, the Norse were taking great pains to avoid the "returnees" . And what has been described is only the beginning of rites certainly disturbing.

Another custom was to write palindromes in the tombs, or buried with the dead, containers full of pebbles, in the first case, it was the "returned" to waste their time in decoding a word without first or end, in the second, that the dead spend the night counting the pebbles.

And, really worried Norse avoid the afterlife, the death of a Viking, was not limited only to physical death and subsequent burial A late, had to be so in every way whether physical, legal and legally . There has to be fringe or any matter that could force the return of the deceased to literally have to put an end to what was not done properly. And with all these precautions, despite everything, sometimes, the dead returned.

Night of the Living Dead:

ancient Germanic peoples and bequeathed its fears of the Romans, spoke of Natchwolk or Natchvölk, the night crawlers, ghosts of deceased , only came out at night to torment the living.

Among the Nordic countries, there are certain types of returns, which could be in the category of "zombies", ie undead, wandering without rest, as corrupt corporeal. Generally, these spectra are known as Draugr, a returnee who, for whatever reason haunts the living, roam freely at night, often extremely strong, able to destroy the bones of a man to death, although they often appear on through a thick fog, so the Norse are careful not to go out of populated areas at night as well.

Haugbui The Norwegians are somewhat less dangerous, since they are limited to slow and heavy laze around their graves, but can be equally violent.

The Beangr Rakke usually appear near rivers or rivulets, are "laundry zombie" or sometimes, spectral figures who engage in the river to clean the bloody clothes of their victims, no one remembers because they meet with this curse, but will not be free until someone knows the reason for his sentence and will be solved.

Rati The spectra are those who have died to witness the Wild Hunt of Odin, some have already joined zombie bodies, hunting wild, others are ghosts that have a time he concluded his last earthly affairs, before joining the march, in the next step of the Wild Hunt.

Nithgengar The Danish are sometimes displayed spectra that his murderer, others not rest until zombies kill whoever killed them.

The Wergildgengr popular in Danegeld, is created halfway between English customs, and the myth outlined above. A curious written English, tells the execution of Danish prisoners, following the laws of English law at the time, according to which each had a wergild noble English, that is, a "blood price" for pirates literal Danes, they will not pay more than their lives, the murder of English. The Danes took the rematch, ensuring its counterpart in bloody vengeance for his fallen, soon, the myth of the "returned" to seek revenge for his death at the hands of the enemy, became famous on both sides ...

Vampires and other ghosts:

head Cut dead with his own sword funeral, impaled with a stake of hawthorn, bury him upside down, burn and scatter his ashes at sea, chained to his grave, placed a stone rune on his chest ... too many "nuisance" to conjure a kind of creatures that is, never existed as such in the northern myths, I mean, of course, vampires.

The Gengar or genganger spectra are messengers, sometimes returning to demand repair a fault, others to "repair" their way, then, are terrible creatures, may, from night to night drainage blood on their victims, to simply carve like wild beasts.

The Gastr, are ghosts of the roads, sometimes mere appearances on many other occasions, vampires attack victims, which passed in turn to be like them, or worse ... because die without possibility of being avenged, How do you take revenge for the dead?.

Skott The female ghosts, sometimes well-intentioned, with people who are supposed to protect for some reason (usually family), but at the same time, relentless and cruel, with their perceived enemies, who head off to drink his blood.

The Mori, male ghosts, halfway between the zombie and the vampire. May appear as ghosts to haunt the living, or as a hybrid of zombie and vampire, who can attack from parts of cattle to people.

Then there are other kinds of vampires, which feed on psychic energy of the living, such as the Balearic (very popular with the Swedes), a kind of nightmare spectra, which attack the dormant, suffocating , and cause a fever of extreme weakness. In this aspect, much like the Mara, spectra nightmare that feed off the energy of the sleeper, of whom was born the term "Nightmare" (nightmare), generally, this type of spectral creatures, women tend to look .

Even the popular Flylgia of Norse mythology, a kind of tutelary guardians can sometimes show their more aggressive side to defend the clan or his protege. As Hugr, (souls of the world, spirits of the community group), which sometimes act violently, appearing in spectral form to torment those who oppose his proteges, such spectra can bite (bitter) , ie an image appear as "palpable" of remorse or memory of a failure, until it is repaired, or choose to ride (rida), ie, cause discomfort and pain to people, more and more intensely until they achieve their goal.

Other spectra fearsome

spectral

Among the most feared creatures, we can highlight the Utburdir , spectra of rejected children at birth, or killed for any reason unfairly, they say, that the goddess Holda supports with all his power these little ghosts, who despite all his innocent appearance may be incredibly powerful and cruel in their revenge,

Kong The Eller usually appear in the figure of an ancestor, to foreshadow the imminent death of the person to witness his appearance, which will gradually lose its life force until he died.

The Volga are spectra in the service of a dark wizard, maybe a magician or dark rune magic practitioner, usually convened from a dead bone, and are fully bound to the will of who created, there is only one way get rid of them, pronouncing the name of the deceased owner of the bone, or directly, killing the necromancer.

Sceadugengan are spectra Swedes are known as "living in the shadows" can have any appearance at will. It is said that some are so old that no one knows who created them, which is missing must be repaired to reconcile. Often, they are offered food and offerings in some blots on certain winter dates to try to appease their anger.

The spirit of the Wolf:

They have always been afraid, and have been known by many different names throughout the Germanic races and Nordic Garwall or Garolfo between the Normans, Werewolf among the Saxons, Warlo Wölfe for the Germans, Garwulf, Garou, Lupin among the Gauls, Waerulf among Danish Warulf for the Swedes. We refer to the werewolves.

Wolves are creatures with enormous magical power, is among the Nordic states, there are 3 months of meat (in this stage are terrible), another 3 of dust and carrion, and other 3 of air (winter) and only eat the left side of the animals they kill. But we're talking two-legged wolves!.

However, the ghostly and spectral creatures, "as the saga of Egil, the fear is very special to Hamrammr, which can change shape, perhaps Grímr himself was one of them, a werewolf, in the strictest meaning of the word, or perhaps his evil was more of another nature, like the Rammaukin , those who carry the beast within, capable of staying quiet years, and a bad day, awaken the beast within, and create a slaughter. Or maybe a Eigi Einharmr of which we have little information, perhaps a being who holds within himself many personalities boils from the fury of a wolf, an insane murderer.

equally to be feared Manegarm, a term defined equally, Garm of the goddess Hel, who devour "the Moon (the moon is male between the Nordic countries), at the end of days as a race of beastmen, who attacked the villages of the full moon. Werewolves in most brutal of his conceptions.

could be no less brutal conception of Vargrgengar, spectrum vermin. Specializing in the abduction of young children to eat them with delight. One of the worst nightmares for Danish children.

not missing the Klaanulf (Finland), literally, wolf clan, led by a shepherd of wolves, ie a human being, sometimes with lupine abilities, others simply power over the beasts, blindly obey him and acknowledge him as a natural leader and head of the clan.

Finally, there are the Vaerulf Rida, brokers night, victims of a curse that transforms them into wolves at night, and condemns them to wander through the woods, until someone breaks the spell and can be done, since shedding their blood in a wound, to offer his own blood as a tribute to the wolf so it will not have to kill an animal (among many other ways to break the spell.)

Undoubtedly, I am left alone with a small part of the "fears" of the Norse, investigate the many mythological beasts that could be dangerous among the inhabitants of forests and rivers, will open question for another article.

But see the great similarity of the werewolves of the Norse myths, with the conceptions of myth in Galicia ...

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NORTH (GALLEGO) WEREWOLF OF VIKING


THE MYTH OF THE WEREWOLF (FOLLOWING THE TRADITION GALLEGA)

The myth of the werewolves, werewolf in Galicia, is so ancient that has been gathering influences from many cultures have passed through this land, and in itself, full of legendary beasts, such as Urcos, which are found throughout Galicia in countless legends of ghostly dogs, pregnant dogs or wolves bestial multiform, very similar to those linked to Garm Norse legends, equally popular in all Celtic and Germanic races.

Wolf is a legendary creature in northern Spain, may become one in any culture Germanic-Nordic or Celtic. Produce fascination and horror with his gaze, can become immune to bullets or arrows can master other canids children who follow him as king .. etc.

Even in Galicia and northern Asturias, speaking of Loberno, a rare cross between wolf and fox, with the strength of the wolf, but all the tricks and skills of the fox (remember that Loki is called "old fox" .) Hypnotic gaze and unbridled appetite, he feared for being able to dig up and devour the dead. Let us

Therefore, the myth of the werewolf, Galician version. The werewolf, is the victim of a curse, is often the last (or sometimes first) of seven children of the same sex, it does fall on it, a curse he does every night after the full moon ( until the next full moon), leave home after dark and hang their clothes in an oak tree close to a river, then transforms into a wolf, for various procedures and to make forays out and act like a beast. It was believed that only shed their blood with a sharp weapon, it could revert back to its human aspect, but to lift the curse, there needed to be mentored by his elder brother or child (as the case).

Corridor, popularly known as Lobushome (not be confused with the generic Galicia), is also cursed by being the last of seven children of the same sex, the curse containing the variant that occurs when processing the roll naked bed of an animal, or their urine (usually a wolf, wild boar and other dangerous beast, though rarely, there are runners nicer transformed into cows or pigs). They go every Friday, 7 sources, 7 bridges, 7 mountains and 7 villages, before the dawn light, also, shed their blood with a sharp object, gives back to humanity, and be sponsored by their siblings, ends curse. In France, is known as Gallipot, more or less, in different versions, this variety is found throughout the peninsula. Wolf gives

Xenta is another variant, cursed for disobeying or displeasing his father or mother, his curse will last 7 years which is transformed into a wolf to roam the streets at night, sometimes killing, others simply howling lament of his curse. It releases him from his animal state, by a wound inflicted by an edged weapon or stone. This type of werewolf, is very popular in the north of Spain, who, under different names, and minimal variations, recorded the same myth.

The Lubisón, is also a werewolf, the first of 7 or 9 brothers to captain trained canines of all around. Cause great damage, and is particularly bloody, often need a wolf skin to become.
El (o) Becha Hairy is a very special kind of werewolf, usually a child or young person, sometimes with the ability to be a werewolf, only to direct others. They are believed to abandoned children who grow up among the beasts, and over time, even leading, more or less like the myth of Tarzan. Equally popular in the Basque country, Catalonia and Asturias.

The Lobos Peeiras are literally shepherd of wolves, mostly women, commonly known throughout Spain and colonies. Wolves adopt them as natural leaders, they will dominate them, more or less similar to the myth of Becha hairy, but more as an adult.

Obviously, the myth of the silver bullet, is valid throughout Europe to destroy the Lycans, but does not provide much in Galicia (not surprisingly in the rest of the peninsula), which prefer to break the curse with propitiatory rites, or burning the skin of the animal that sometimes requires the werewolf transformation.

Finally, we have the Aloba, one whose skin the wolf, "has grown in," is nothing more than mentally unbalanced he believes to be an animal, or be possessed by the almost the entirety of actual cases of lycanthropy, could fit into this category.

werewolf or Rabisome in Extremadura, near Lobishomen Portugal, on land Llobushome Astures, werewolves in Huelva and interestingly also in South America or Guizonotxoa Guizotxo between the Basques, is only part of the many names that the myth has in Spain. Surely in your province, also on the loose at night, the myth of the Werewolf!.

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TING ASSEMBLY

could locate this article and the reconstruction of the facts in any of the communities Nordic, especially in Iceland in the Várting (spring meeting), the Leire (the assembly of autumn) or Allting (higher assembly), parts of the basic legal family unit, the SAR, the domain of a Bondi and his family, united by what is known as aetterfi (the heritage). The Odal as indivisible property bequeathed by heredity, is the basis of the union of a clan. Thus, we have a aett or kyn (clan, family), preparing to attend the grand assembly, preparing the cart to carry your basic impedimenta needed to spend several days in Horgan (the sacred place reserved for worship and assembly) . It is possible that, on the way, meet with friends from other clans, more or less of the same rank and status, and make the journey together.

The mannamunr (differences in rank), make this type of event, where every free man, you can go and be heard, as a basic right denied, however, is not the same as a Stórboendr (a senior bondi) perhaps historical lineage, and some notable and respectability in the assembly, an owner of a boer (farm), rather, located in the range of Sinmaboendr (small bondi), or a Traell (servant) disenfranchised in the assembly, represented by his "boss", who will defend their interests as part of their own, and it serves on his farm.

So we have to husbondi and husfreya, as heads of households, and some associates, set up his Bud (Store shelf) in the course of the meeting, possibly next to those of the same range (up to that, there are differences to locate the store). Consider, that the assembly will last several days, and it is likely that this meeting is also an important social and cultural forum for the people of this talk later ...

The Tingbrekka (ting failure) will be formally dedicated to Tyr in all likelihood, and maybe Thor and Odin, in a measure intended to strengthen the tinghelgi, namely the sanctity of the assembly, and what it decides. Similarly, each participant, to provide the beach, a considered sacred and binding oath to the gods (for what he was missing a serious crime.) Unable to bear arms in the great sacred failure (a hollow, or failing that mound, where the assembly met.) It is believed that each family or clan, should be properly presented, even ceremonial oath, complete this long process could begin the assembly itself.

The Lögsogumadr, as chairman of the meeting, heads turn taking, although this function is believed to be rotating three in three years, including the recitation of the law, often stanzas, for better understanding. Each case (wrong), had legislated their compensation, the bot or mannboert. Most cases in litigation, are no more minor faults between farmers, conflicts over land, cattle or other domestic, in these cases, we estimate the missing, and the assembly, simply judge the guilt or innocence, and reached the case, legal redress. Are the most complex cases, which could reach remarkable levels of complication, still common among the clans of a certain range, the presence of Lagamadr (lawyers) who know of similar cases that could pose unprecedented, and of course the law. In these cases, the process could very well be long and arduous, and not resolved at a meeting.

There are three ways to establish justice, the first is the COUNCIL FRIENDLY, where both sides tried to reach an agreement and establish the appropriate legal redress, so that both parties could come out of the dispute, with the least possible damage. This almost always required a certain degree of admission of guilt by a party, was what became known as eindoemi or sjálfdoemi (personal opinion or view of the victim), where the offender, he accepted his guilt and in some ways, sought compensation for not reaching higher. It was what was known as Foer höfud sitt (giving head). The victim, accepted this sign of reconciliation, and once established, legal redress, the case is rarely reached

older ... But sometimes there were cases that could not be solved so simply, since the fault was not susceptible any legal compensation (murder, rape ...) was what was known as obótamal (if undignified), in this case, it could reach a justice process, which established a complex network, the sóknogvörn (court) consisting of a Kvird (jury) of twelve búakbird (the wise council, neighbors of the jury). The complainant (Adili) came to the meeting with his proclamation of guilt on the accused (Lysa surveillance), this could admit his fault, or try to deflect the blame, featuring turn, is supposed jury witnesses in his defense. As you can imagine, this type of process, could stretch a lot and become very complex, as each party was gaining support and new sworn testimony ... The complainant presents his oath, the defendant's own ... and the thing he rolled in so cute ...

ARBITRATION is presented as another way of resolving a dispute, mediation is sought gödviljammen a group of men of good will, conciliators, to evaluate the evidence in the fat (arbitration), here is common to use formulas of innocence and the ISDR (oath of innocence), to the gods, though, this did not stop the complainant, which in turn, swear by the gods, which is the one in front, the culprit his fault. Therefore, an evidence of innocence or guilt of the accused, evidence that it could pass for real ordeal, if such expression could be considered among the Norse. It is noteworthy that these people did not believe in a direct justice of the gods, they bequeathed to humanity the laws, and such is served man for justice processes, so the arbitration and the ordeals I seem to have been very frequent. In any case, it speaks in a story to carry the hot iron (jarnburdr) or proof of the stone (ketiltak), collect by hand a stone into a pot with boiling water or the "test of fire" basically walking on a hot stone or embers ... It Hopefully, it were not emerge unscathed from such tests, but the referees assessed the damage of everyone, and whom the gods gave him more favor. In many cases, you get to direct provocation holmganga, mourning, understood as a kind of ordeal, which have several variants, so worth it, stopping to view in detail.

When Skard (gap offense) is very serious, it is possible to reach decision the hefnd, bloody revenge. It is assumed that when two men decide to settle their differences in a duel, one of the few advantages is that it assumes that everything will end in that duel. Otherwise, revenge can be a big loop without end, life for life, until, for generations, nobody remembers the beginning of the offense. So, it follows a ritual procedure by which the two contestants choose their own arbitrators. These are dedicated to monitoring the arms of rival, that mourning is governed by the rules. Originally, the match wore on an island, which were brought the two rivals, after the judges had made the necessary checks, the two wrestlers faced, only one returned. Another variation was that the two rivals met without exceeding the limits of a calf skin spread on the ground, (with so little space, often, the fight was decided in a single set, or directly to death). Among the Swedes, the terrain of struggle, is delimited by four sticks of oak, each rival, threw one at his right hand and another on his back ... so be delimited more or less a battleground, prolonging imaginary lines of the rods.

Finally, we turn to the sentences, the majority of cases were settled with compensation fixed, the Bot, the amount is praised precisely because often the payment of such compensation, either in money or spice (vadmal, skins, etc) could leave the ruin of the defendant, or the best, make down the social ladder. Era event grave When and defendant lacked fund or property paying could pass serve offending sometimes years) address until all debt at assembly presenting either as leysingi (released) Once settled the debt, for the record of compliance with the law.

When the case is serious, and there are a defendant, pending proceedings, is granted a time grid (truce), this guarantees a certain degree of immunity, (heilagr) at least until it is rendered a final decision on your case. The inmate remains in a gardr (a fence) and while in the baurgrfjörd (Circle of Life), will be guaranteed their safety. The assembly thus used to protect the prisoners in the process, they used to pay a fixed amount to keep them safe. When the prisoner was recognized as guilty, was deprived of its frid (peace), in a sense, was presented to all as guilty and was facing sentencing, this could be a considerable sum, which he reduced in practice to be a service Trall the applicant, or if the matter was really serious, to be considered nidirgr (infamous), which, Case could even lead to the punishment of ostracism or exile. The fjördbaugsgard, was originally an exile for three years, could be an area or a large region, once the deadline, the prisoner was rehabilitated socially. The skoggangr was more serious, this is a total ban, the defendant is considered unfit to be taken to be sociable, it is considered a Vargr (vermin), and as such, no one had helped him, any bondi to be bothered by such individual can freely kill, it is not worthy of living among people. This type of punishment was by far worse than the death penalty, sentencing the defendant to be a uttlagin (an outlaw, outlaw), surviving to loot or steal from travelers who venture into the forests, often Vargr were hunted like wild beasts for their misdeeds, and were hung at the crossroads as a warning to others who wanted to break laws.

statements tended to be endorsed by severe oaths (tylftareidr), and of course, remembered by jurors and men of law as a precedent for other similar processes ...

not lacking in the assemblies and animation that around, regardless of the meetings, other events, because in a society where people live in independent farms, separated by considerable distances, this type of meeting often became in events of great social relevance. The people gathered at night around the campfire, listening to the news and the latest developments of any significance, "HVA ad Fretta er?" (Which I know again), used to be a greeting still in force in Iceland, where two cross neighbors after a while and share the latest news. So people gather to hear the stories of the sagnamadr (sagas meters) and is expected to be close ties of friendship, be reconciled agreements concluded even weddings.

I also have religious services, after all, justice is a sacred trust. Thus, between the party and general entertainment will also be mindful of the sacrifices of gratitude to the gods, the games in his honor and propitiatory rites to ingratiate himself with Tyr.


As a final consideration, I note that the applicant concerned to take charge of that decision (to his credit) is fulfilled, since among the Nordic countries, does not recognize the existence of police, regular army or any other repressive forces. However, the condemned, it suited him serve his sentence, not to be found guilty of failing to law, and fall in consideration of Vargr already mentioned.

I Always Wake Up Blocked Up

ASSEMBLY CRADLE OF MAGNI, for the kids in your home. VIKING

born this small corner, with the intention of helping poor to bring up those crazy short people, sometimes the gods have given it to couples. Tell a story, and you'll be happy staying, before going to sleep ...

The story is the most traditional way of educating a small, values \u200b\u200bthat all parents want .. I just put my two cents, and I bring this little corner of the Asatru story for small-large Odinists.

Find the direct link to the bottom of this same page, and feel free to suggest topics for my stories ... no one better than a parent to know that they need to teach the little ones ...

May the Gods bless you all!

Speeding Points On Eu Licence

The family, in a broad sense, is the basic cell of society. Includes, in addition to relatives, close friends, brothers juries, relatives, foster parents, poor oversight of the house, etc. At least fifty people, because we are in very small communities, all depend, to varying degrees, the head of household and his wife.

According to a poem of the Edda, the Rígsthula that would justify the tripartite division of society into slaves and free men or kings jarls considered that the Vikings actually were organized into three major classes or social layers distinct. And in many passages of sagas, are evident such views. But it seems that the stratum of slaves, is the most problematic. While not unknown in the North, do not correspond to the idea that we tend to make us of them. Before the Viking Age, let us say anything that has known Scandinavian society a class that did not enjoy freedom. Then, after the first shock of looting, both men and cattle and goods, it is very likely that the Vikings had slaves. On the other hand, needed little time to discover that this was one of the most prized commodities in the world of his time. The slave trade quickly became the main activity of these traders fully aware of the laws of European or Asian market. It is assumed that this class in the lower ranks were those who could not afford to house, or proprietary, and lived in a sort of vassalage to some farm to which they offered their labor in exchange for his support and apartment together where they raise their offspring . However, they could get them to buy their freedom, or a free man to be a servant or slave if you ran up a debt that could not afford.

Moreover, in constant contact as they were, long before the Viking phenomenon itself, with the European world could not ignore the existence of the human category. Therefore, its establishment in Hedeby (Denmark, former Haithabu) would be one of the powerhouses of the traffic, comparable to that effect to Byzantium. Even seems established that the route of the East, one of the main routes of those sailors, linked precisely with Byzantium Hedeby southern Baltic, the complex Russian rivers and lakes from the bottom of the Gulf of Riga, to the imperial city through the Black Sea. In any case, is well documented the slave trade, but not its membership as the lowest rank of the ladder to the Viking era of Viking-era splendor. Although it is assumed that there were certain circumstances that could drag a man to a degree of servitude akin to slavery to pay a debt for example, or as compensation to a theft or minor crimes.

that led his country to some of its captives, which have been associated with life on his farm, which have been treated quite rudely, all that, in short, is in the order of things, at the time considered between IX and X. The authors of the sagas, in the thirteenth century, they did not know this custom rather than hearsay or their classic readings, have developed a theme to the coast so conventional that it seems completely excessive and dependent on literary topics to which these authors are so fond of, as slaves shameless cowardice, venality or incurable folly (The Saga of Snorri the Godi), is something that is understood quite well. Do not forget that a saga, by definition, is based on schemes Classical history-writing and narrative medieval Latin again and again and familiar with the notion of slavery as an inferior and no other value than the merchandise. The Icelanders who wrote these texts wanted more or less consciously, in imitation of what he did about their own country Hakonarsson King Hakon of Norway, assumed to have some manners and aristocratic worldview. It is understood that preference has developed the theme of slavery. It is believed to have grounds to say that the notion, and considered in a current sense, does not match what we know about the psychology of the ancient Scandinavians. The values \u200b\u200badopted and illustrate its history opposed the contempt of the human person. The same attitude is reflected somehow in the fact that while killing without problems, not imprisoned or tortured their victims. A slave, an individual can be captured in an expedition, or taken from another Scandinavian country, was released outside comprándosele again, paying an agreed sum or pursuant to the services provided. In short, was not covered escalvitud between Nordic ...

The next class is that which is made by the Viking half, known as Bondi. Almost is the farmer-fisherman-owner free to speak all the texts. There is one, if not defined within the family, as it denotes the choice of its name, which never left to chance. You can alliteration with the father or play a portion of one of their parents, or, if the firstborn, return the name of a famous ancestor. Recall that the family name does not exist, it is the child of his father (Egil Olavsdottir Olavsson or Astrid), this tradition in Iceland.

On the other hand, should prove capable bondi, legally, to recapitulate his lineage for several generations. Moreover, the idea of \u200b\u200b"malcasarse" marrying a woman of lower rank than his, with which, therefore there is a difference among families, it would not occur normally. The bondi is certain social category that is not expressed clearly in terms of assets, but perhaps sometimes even more, you can build in terms of age and race. Is a free man, bound to their rank and lineage ...

it be free in their person is obvious, just as is permitted to rent another house, made sharecropper or tenant. But it is not subjected to or is subdued by it. Again, it is especially their freedom of speech which characterizes him. At public meetings or Thing, is entitled to give his opinion without you can be legally prevented from doing so. He is entitled to an action in righteousness. It's usually a good knowledge of procedure and laws, and if they suffer an offense, is able to demand full compensation because the law, you do not know if you will, the death penalty, provides compensation for any type in case of transgression. That is, more or less range, free men can agree to serve a man more powerful than them, but they are under its yoke.

The bondi is a man for all, susceptible to all the features you would expect from a complete man, a farmer, fisherman, artisan, blacksmith, weaver, but also a lawyer, a performer of religious rites of private worship, poet, and a skilled participant in various games and a trader of high quality, right to count, estimate, sell or mortgage. And of course, the holder of the full power law or under established legal rules within their territory. That is, has full powers to be "the voice of command" and that their decisions are the law in its territory and property ... always within the strict obedience to the laws of the community.

Eventually, it is he who embarks on his Skeid and goes on an expedition of Vikings. Therefore, it is also a quality sailor, probably more or less versed in astronomy and in any case, a seaman first class. This is perhaps his greatest strength, it is surprising which is capable of doing at the helm of his boat. Of course, warriors can benefit both at home and outside it. But above all, a brilliant merchant and negotiate has been his main occupation. Sell \u200b\u200btheir grain and pigs if Danish, their iron and their skins if Swedish, its soapstone and wood if it is Norwegian, his vadmál (a type of very durable woolen cloth and special) and if Icelandic dried fish.

Viking expeditions used to be a kind of travel trade in the course of which, could be that martial concerns prevail over the commercial. The first concern they had was to win riches and fame and to that end were intended expeditions. In short, there is a sector in which the bondi not be able to exercise. Even in the arts, as they paid in the long winter nights to all sorts of odd jobs in order decorative or ornamental. It is the owner of expeditions, or "felagi" (partner) who helps them ....

Among this class, it is clear that there were different types. The sagas tell of "storboendr" big bondis and "smaboendr" or small bondis. The big ones are ranked well because they belong to a family and the old, giving it certain privileges probably not included in the texts, but the more obvious terms that require less comment. Are implemented in an ancient, even immemorial, which makes them often designated in relation to them and so legitimam allodial rights, which will be a precedent that will unleash great discord, because, above all, are rich men. While not absolutely determinative or decisive material values \u200b\u200bplayed a role in this world unquestionable. You had to have assets to pay a boat, for example. This involved considerable expense so often is associated to this type of acquisition number. For Viking understand that that sends and has, in whole or in part, a Knorr or a langskip, and could not be in any case, a needy. Let him go to cross the seas to acquire wealth, many runic inscriptions as they say, does not mean that talk of a poor man. Maybe not rich enough, or intends to increase his fortune to bolster his reputation, gain popularity, according to the same testimony. Or perhaps in the most remote of the cases, a free man, who has bought the right to sail with!. An excluded from Odal, is bound to start a new life, so that enrrolarse the service of a powerful bondi, ensures a promising start ....

is among large boendr, among which were chosen kings and chiefs. This is where the ruling class emerged, though not in line with the idea that we're used to us such status. The king "konungr" or kings, "konungar" were chosen or elected by large boendr, within some families (kyn, hence comes the word konungr), no one knows today what were the criteria for deciding this preference. His consecration was to make up a sacred stone, then make travel a given route, they "sanctified" by their presence and where they were recognized as such by the local thing. So, a king ruled over a concrete ground, a fertile area fjord or, rarely talk about great kings of nations, except at the end of the Viking era.

assumption was that if, for one reason or another, a king was satisfied, was removed (literally was "cast down" the consecration stone on which he had been pushed up to enthrone), even hanged. He had been chosen primarily for "one year fruitful and peace." Its legal powers, or magic, or even warring, even if we imagine that the charisms were part linked to their condition, not much is clear from our sources. One of the original, yes, from the Viking Age, will be to go progressively entronarizando Western-style kings, and the realization of this phenomenon marks the end, sense, the society of this culture.

Regarding the status of the "jarl", is a notion even less known than the konungr, but could be older and dynastic character revealed. The Rígsthula always have great difficulty distinguishing between earl and king. According to a number of runic inscriptions in the ancient Futhark, the earl became a connoisseur of the runes and initially thought they were a kind of ethnicity aside, thanks to its expertise in writing to obtain from their titles there nobility, which amount to be a count or something similar in Western acceptance. But it seems that in the Viking Age had a privileged social status. In short, probably the king did not play as significant a role in this society. And so, the group most important and decisive in the life of the Norse, was the bondi. Others point to Jarl as a gentleman warrior, able to mobilize and organize their own armed contingent. What would be a count or something very similar ... Important

reasons, such as habitat scattered, harsh climate, with scarce resources they had, etc, make the collective or communal sense is, by force of circumstances, highly developed in these societies. In this remain true, even now, still, ancient customs. Are pooled assets (félag) for all purposes. Each of the contractors or félagi, feels bound by a very strong bond that can reach the duty of revenge. We have examples of women also enter a félag.

This often provides complex results: an individual can own a boat room, a third of its load, or similar cases. It is possible that this association must, as we have seen, has been sealed by significant gestures of a more or less religious. Thus, the Varangians (varengjiar), the Vikings who were active in the East, should perhaps its name to "beach" solemn oath. The name, in this case, would apply to a brotherhood of traders bound by sacred vows, as existed in all of Europe at the time.

There were, moreover, other types of associations, semimercantiles, semireligious, as the "guild", which are probably from Frisian. Existed during the Viking Age in Scandinavia, it seems, to hear excellent luck then in the Christian era.

Finally, it should tell a little female role in the Viking society, contrary to what may seem, was not an exclusively male nucleus, which only had masculine values. It is evident that men, given the centuries IX, X and XI, were privileged, but not for that reason was void of women in society, as it did in the rest of Europe at that time. Bondi's wife, the husfreyja, had a completely privileged status, as indicated by the keys he wears on his waist. Indeed, it has the right to bring actions for justice and is excluded from public affairs, if we are to believe the Saga of Snorri the Godi, more for reasons of physical, because they had to unite the force of law with frequency obtaining relief, which for reasons of inferiority.

But it is his moral authority of the most surprising of these women. The woman is the soul of a society that her husband was no more than the arm. As the guardian of family traditions, both their own and those of her husband, who instilled in their children. She defends the honor of his clan, reminds men of the house to its right of retaliation in case of rape, through highly symbolic gestures, or sarcastic words intolerable. This can lead to situations such as those describing the Poetic Edda, in its great heroes, especially Gjukadottir Gudrun, whom we see trapped between the need to avenge their brothers and get justice for her husband. Be noted that, in general, these heroines remain true, first, the law of his own clan. We can imagine that his knowledge of genealogies alliterative properly, could have made it the initiator of poetry, and their attendance intimate memory of great ancestors, therefore its implicit worship the dead, could account for their collusion with magic, given the fact that magic, medicine and witchcraft, are much more common heritage of women than men.

seems established that Scandinavian women, even if they occupy a place in the thing, but not take part in the fighting, enjoyed a considerable esteem. The sagas of contemporaries prove that he was never considered an object of pleasure, to be respected and that their advice was always heard. For it was Mrs. innana undisputed huss (inside the house), or more precisely, innana stokks, past the threshold beam, which marked the domestic territory legally. Beyond that beam stokks utan, we are in the domain of man. He under external works, management at least, the enterprises of a political nature (the thing), martial or economic. But innana stokks, husfreyja reigns and no one disputes this prerogative, despite the presence of the concubines that the culture tolerated. This will not bring any result, since second-order wives or concubines, had no legal right, did not enter the estate and, in principle, children they had were not considered legitimate. He plays as the lady of the house, aided by a domestic service, which can sometimes be quite large, to ensure the supply and preparation of meals, taking care of home maintenance as a whole, raise and educate (or do educate) children, who are generally numerous, both own and that of friends or a relationship which, under the custom of fostr (practice of educating children to a certain period of time by a friend or relative or important person) has taken into his home for some time, devoted to the care of the farm as an incumbent by definition (dairy, for example), dealing of the poor wretches who were without doubt one of the plagues of the period and, in moments of rest, which, indeed, there should be neither long nor numerous, knitting, embroidery, etc.

should not make a great effort to imagine that his days were very busy. But it was appreciated and admired by family members in small communities within which they acted, it is clear. I mentioned referred to what today would be for us a great lady. The woman of the people, the average Scandinavian tenth century, nothing is known by the sagas. However, there is no reason to believe that his fate was very different from that of the great female characters of the sagas. In short, all the documents available, gives women a comparatively much more important than her "sister" western or southern.

For the poor, something mentioned above, we say that the Scandinavian countries were not rich. Also noted the sense of community in these societies. The poor (fatökisfolk) and the indigent (umagi, literally can not meet their needs) were numerous. Codes of laws and sagas enlighten us on the issue. There was a system that actually will last until our century, which was to commit a umagi or more, to a particular house for a certain time after of which, went to another and so on. It is not known whether the institution of "hrethr" applies to both in Scandinavia, as is attested only in Iceland, and if there was already in the Viking age, but is likely to be born of the Church and not be institutionalized until the century XI. Involving a time, speaking in modern terms, insurance against all risks (fire in particular), social security and welfare. This was a poor way to avoid that could become dangerous to the daily life of the farm. Welcoming the poor, they made sure arms would bring extra work to the necessities of home and security need not be attacked by of the needy. In return, they had a meal like a member of the family and a place to sleep and shelter from inclement weather.

Finally, with regard to children, the sagas describe us (and this is a trait that is not so common in Western medieval literature) sometimes their games and their interventions in adult life. Their status, if I may say so, is ephemeral, since it is an adult at age twelve, fourteen at the latest, depending on the locations and times, and since then it must assume all the responsibilities that go attached to that status. This does not prevent that in these texts and perhaps willfully rude blacks, who are sagas, we see how past evokes a boy or a girl having fun with toys, small animals which could be metal or wood, for example, as children of all time.

In ancient Iceland, before it entered the Christian rite, between the tenth and eleventh centuries, the goði (head of clan or goðorð) was an officer who exercised the powers of religious, political and judicial. Many also regarded as a kind of priest-lawyer next to the figure Druid.

Their number, unlimited in principle, be set later on 964 for three in each judicial district, a number that increased in the early years of the century XI. This dignity disappeared around the year 1262 to join the current Norruega Iceland

Polyps In Gallbladder Treatment In Ayurveda

SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF GRAIN AND STRAW





not be delayed, I can sense his presence ...

are like jackals looking for carrion and serves all
and complained that I take from where there are,
that taught me
be spent with Mother Goddess and offers of what you know
for all to nurture and learn if they wish. ..

No. .. not that my complaint
not believe this corner for
vermin harboring hatred against all who believe differently

steal the harvest and thereby feed their grudges in their burrows.

Because only judge who deserves
Odin entering Valhalla or not he has palnt

seeds and they have thrived throughout Midgard. And there will

but who at the end
discard the straw and grain is not given
because this work
fascists, racists and other worms!

offer what everyone equally
're European, Asian, Oceania, African or American, if asatru
flowers
I call on you as an equal ... brother
If you are someone that you're feeling
right to judge who is worthy, pure and Aryan
tell you that this is not your site
Take off your den of snakes and feed
of fascism, racism and other offal
the human race but not my credo
litter or that of my brothers
lest the Crows
Perched see your lies and your lack
and fall to tear your eyes!


IF YOU ARE NOT FASCIST ODINA
YOU EAT YOU AND YOUR HATRED AND LIES ... WORMS

Shakira And Gerard Pique

CLOTHING AND WEAPONS VIKING PAGAN

CLOTHING

The Vikings at home wearing trousers and with a certain flight above the wool long johns. The torso covered with a large shirt that reaches mid-thigh and is tailored with a leather belt, both garments were made with vadmal, sheep's wool fleece long. In the head, a or wool felt hat. Feet, shoes made from a single piece of leather folded neatly, sometimes reinforced with a sole and tied around the ankle with a coiled cord. In the hands, thick wool or fleece mittens. At times over the shirt wears a coat in one piece, sleeveless, set above the right shoulder or right in front of it with a brooch.

As for his appearance, his long hair care enough sometimes collected with a bow at the neck. Also paid great care and attention to the beard and mustache, sometimes biurcada. Used to comb with long braids, earrings decorated with precious metals, common use between the sexes. The

Women also wore comfortably. The head dress was long sleeves of different lengths, pleated wool could be opened on each breast to allow and facilitate breastfeeding, and is fastened with two clasps twins. Above wearing a kind of apron made of a piece. Sometimes reinforced with leather. They also often use some sort of leg long trousers (wool) in winter.

The hair, braids or ponytails were usually protected with a piece of cloth, a kind of scarf knotted at the neck. It is the distinctive way of a married woman. Unmarried women wore the hair loose. Viking Armor




For most, the armor is too expensive for the Nordic environment. In addition, a culture that places special emphasis placed: s on the bravery in combat and the disregard for the pain is not too into account the use of protection. However, the Vikings or the cautious resources can take several forms of armor. More elaborate, depending on the resources of the warrior. Fur and Leather



The most comfortable of the "armor" Scandinavia is a heavy set of skins and hides. After all, the cold north of these garments are a practical necessity. A good set of heavy rugs can lessen the impact of some shocks, and boiled leather can stop arrows and even chopping knives. Since the material is cheap and easily available, the warriors Vikings tend to opt for this type of armor. Sometimes I get to hammered and studded, but is less common. Chainmail



Vikings resources can lead to a "byrnie" or chain mail, which is essentially a short-sleeved shirt made from interlocking metal rings. Most of the time, these rings are thin circular links are cut and then unite. Around 900 BC, however, the rings are spun and stop planes, cut, join and then sealed with rivets, significantly reducing the loss of the coat of mail due to shock. With a good padding behind this armor protected against bumps and pits, providing an effective anti protecci6n swords and axes. While in Europe the soldiers are equipped with chain mail from head to toe, the Nordic rarely use more than a long chain mail. However, the protection afforded to the side torso armor is of great value to jarls Scandinavia. A good coat was a present fit for a lord of the guerra.La Brinje was a mail shirt, wide open on the sides to enhance mobility and facilitate the use of heavy shields and management of the ax and sword. Helms



Contrary to popular belief, Vikings did not wear horned helmets, among other things, so dysfunctional that a helmet would be bumpy, easy to start from a blow to them. In Indeed, those who could afford some protection for the head wore metal helmets simple eye protection and a metal band as nasal protector. These helmets often left unprotected cheekbones and jaw but protected against the blows aimed at his head. The most common of the protections, was a tanned leather helmet "mask" for the eyes, or a simple conical metal helmet with nose ring, helmets with protective mask and nasal, and mesh to protect the neck, were worthy of the big bosses, away from the troops. Shields



The carrying swords and axes had generally circular wooden shields, generally known as round shields. These shields were made from planks of wood joined by a circular metal edge that was riveting. Sometimes the front of the shield was covered with heavy leather to provide extra protection, sometimes painted them in bright colors or symbols warriors, especially their family. A round shield demanded full use of one arm of the warrior, as though something very heavy and unwieldy provided much protection (a man skilled with the shield was very difficult to achieve) and was relatively inexpensive. This made it very popular among Viking raiders shield of limited resources. They used also the most developed, have metal reinforcements, studded, as is often oiled animals, the outside, thereby facilitating the arms of rival slipping on them.





Between Arms Viking Nordic invaders, sword and ax are the weapons of choice. Unlike the wars of the rest of Europe, do not pay almost no attention to the fight on horseback, so the pole weapons that are commonly found among farmers hardly used. The combat on foot is normal, and the weapons used by the Nordic reflect this. However, we will see the variety of common firearms. Swords & Daggers



Like the people of the continent, it is almost impossible to see a Scandinavian his dagger in his belt. The typical dagger has a length of 20 to 50 cm, double-edged and is considered both a tool and a weapon for close combat. It is also commonly carry the sax, a short knife for combat which speak later.
swords to be found among the Nordics are simple and practical. A double-edged blade, about 90 cm in length is mounted with a crossbar and a handle for use with one hand. Nordic swords rarely recorded with some type of adornments or embellishments than wire work or designs on the handle (at the end of the grip), the grooves for blood on the blade are almost unknown, even if they start to appear in the era of the great invasions. Contrary to popular belief, the swords of this type did not have a edges are too sharp, they were made with the blade of a chisel style, so they could cross the armor (weapons of iron lost anyway the edge in battle.) Only a few leaves from later periods have just pointed to cross. Indeed, an armored warrior could well be beaten to death without haher suffered a single cut. Killed more by weight and contusion, which edge, at least, so was the beginning of the Viking era.

Before 900 BC, the Scandinavian swords were forged by the process of design-interlacing, the iron bars were heated on charcoal blocks that can absorb the carbon and converted into good steel. The bar was then cut and reforged again by repeating the process, forming a mixture of swirling mass of steel that gave rise to the name of "design-interlacing" due to winding and winding designs that were formed by mixing the dark iron and steel bright before. After 900 BC, improvements in the mineral and lead smelting led to development of lighter and better swords made of steel sharp quality. Anyway, the sword is a light gun used to give a hand cut and paste pits, often combining with dodge jumps and fast. Sax



known as the sax, is not nothing but a short knife, very sharp, to become almost a Safe Room tear, was used in melee combat, in very short distances (shield to shield), the objective of this weapon, was cut to counter through any hole in the wall of shields. The target used to be, legs or abdomen if you raised the shield to stop blows to the head.

Battle Axes and Axe Throwing

Vikings are extremely likely to use battle axes, possibly due to the great destruction that can produce these weapons. After all, a proper hack can cut the ends with apparent ease. In addition, the use of the ax is a prueha of force, especially if accompanied by a shield (which means handle with one hand). The typical nordica ax is made of iron, sometimes with a thin strip of steel on the edge, and with a handle 10 to 120 cm in length that allows a large force exercise in shock. The first axes were for more than a farming tools with a hammer, but the evolution of the ax as a weapon of war meant an increase in size, weight and effectiveness. The Scandinavian battle-ax had a peculiar square protrusion at the end of the sheet was very useful in naval combat as sort of hook nail and climb, this particular projection gives rise to "ax approach."

The throwing axes were not very frequent due to the difficulty of handling them effectively. Despite its rarity, are very dangerous and dramatic. To be used properly, throwing an ax must be particularly balanced, and required great strength and ability to be launched correctamnente. Moreover, even when these weapons can be made of iron (as it is launched once and not used until the next battle), are relatively expensive due to the complexity of their preparation. The Throwing Axe has a handle smaller size and smaller than a sheet of hand and must be sufficiently light to be thrown a considerable distance, otherwise, their advantage would be lost (a weapon that can only embark on five feet is of limited utility because the enemy if it is still able to fight after attack, reached in combat the aggressor before he is able to draw his gun.)

As last category, are the war hammers, heavy iron hammers, similar to a blacksmith's hammer. They used to be attached to a leather strap is used for smash hits shields, or directly, to crush the skull of the opponent, despite the Norse myth of Thor and his hammer, the weapon was not very common, losing ground in favor of hatchet.



Spears Cover by the god Odin and invaluable in the naval battle, the lance is a common weapon among the Norsemen, and almost all warriors know how to use one. A length between 1.8 and 2.4 meters, a wooden handle 3 cm thick and a sharp blade of 15 cm in length on one end, the lance is ideal to keep the enemy at bay. The handle is sometimes reinforced with metal spikes or bands to be difficult to cut in half. The spears can be used for hunting and fishing as well as in the battle, becoming the somewhat utilitarian and practical (very appreciated by the Norse). However, massive formations of spearmen are unknown to the Vikings, instead, the spears are used individually to hold off and skewer opponents, then releasing to draw the swords or other arenas for combat . Viking spears are basically throwing weapons, in fact, the first spears of wide ends of the Scandinavians were almost always used only for launch, but what about the javelin, a spear to European combat, but later designs also were made to dig a short distance. Some Vikings have a shield in addition to the spear, but this is better controlled when used with two hands. Hammers



The thunder god Thor uses a powerful hammer, and so do some of his followers. Because we do not need to be sharpened, the hammer requires little maintenance and can be manufactured inexpensively. Like the ax, the hammer of war has a unique head-bashing placed on a handle 60 to 90 cm in length, and the Nordic appreciate its force by spraying when the bones of the opponents, much armor they carry with them. A point at the center of the head of some hammers, attached to the tremendous weight of the hammer, you can easily pass through the armor and shields. Unlike other weapons, hammers runes are sometimes related to the strength and victory. These heavy mallets, deserve separate category, being larger and heavier than relaccinados with the hatchet. In practice, almost always forced to dispense with the shield and be handled with both hands. Compensate for exposing the warrior, with his forcefulness, for which virtually no defense. Generally, their role was that of the scudo dstrozar of rival carrier hammer, exposing a lot, so it was always included in the middle of lancers who kept the rivals at a distance ... Arcos



The Vikings did not often use the crossbows (because these weapons they use a technology known), but often use typical hunting bow. Although archery is a respected hobby, does not give the glory of combat, so it is a secondary combat skill for most of the Scandinavian warriors. Nordic arch is a hunting weapon length approximately 1.2 to 1.5 meters, v has no penetrating power too, it is not comparable to the English longbow, which would be used later. In addition, the Vikings do not provide training in combat, so they are rarely organized groups of archers, the Use of the arches is more widespread in the naval battle, to attack a boat approaching, often even talk of tactics ... You put incendiary flvelamen that were used against the sails

Quotes On Lightning The Lamp

FOOTPRINT IN GALICIA

archaic myths of the deep Galicia. FOOTPRINT


PAGAN

I have referred on a previous occasion the ancient myths of my native Galicia, that as a good pagan, I have not bothered to track and investigate as far as possible. I never doubted that last Castrexo (not Celtic!) Of my land, and the subsequent invasion Sueva and Goda, and the frequent visits of the Vikings, scored to some extent some enough myths prior to the imposition of Christianity and to acknowledge that footprint pagan is what I intend with this humble article, I hope at least make them think, as much as I thought.

1 - SOME "TRADES" VERY SPECIAL:

Of all is well known that there is only close to the rites of passage in the life of a community, to find traces of ancient, lost in time. In almost every civilized community, there is one or another form, the figure of the midwife (a Parteira in Galicia), in essence, a woman with good hand to attend births, but in some unusual rituals where you start see traces of the pagan past. A fairly common rite the former Galicia, was hiding a key under the pillow of the sufferer, to facilitate delivery, or bring a candle to the vagina "for birth or convex neno" (for baby to see the light.) strange customs without Clearly, more strange if we consider that these things (or something very similar) are recorded as far away as La Selva Negra and Iceland (which is linked to the key that carries the housewife, the power to "make way to a new life ") or in Sweden, where part of the ritual of childbirth, was to illuminate the way the child.

Now with our small arms, it happens that sometimes the child takes in speaking or walking more than usual, then the alarm jumping on young parents, because there is something strange that "binds" the progress of the child. In northern Portugal and Galicia, it was customary to take the child to a shipwright, or sometimes failing and in inland areas to a blacksmith using a simple rite, pound small obstacles. The rite consists in cutting a thread tied to the child's legs crushed with a hammer or a rock or animal bone, symbolizing and spray, the spell that makes the child walk. Identical rites were once again recorded in Iceland, as reported by a friend. Also in Celtic Ireland. And I note that it is precisely this magical power to bind and smithr smidirs (carpenters and blacksmiths) which makes me think of the magic pagan Nordic or Germanic origin. But the thing does not stop here, in parts, was taking the child to the presence of a "Cleric" (cure) or "Mestre (master), so that would break the lock that prevents the child from speaking. Many scholars believe that this is a translation of a pagan custom which gave the "scholars" of the clan and the magical power to grant the gift of a small word. Logic suggests that in the Middle Ages, priests and teachers only know how to write and therefore, were to become "deposit" of these ancient pagan rituals, which at one time have belonged to Godisa or perhaps the skalds.

Sometimes, the newborn is born with a rare gift, the ancient wisdom given to these children the gift of "manifest" even before birth, is what is called "falar no ventre da nai", a kind of perception of the mother of the exceptional qualities of the unborn, as if really "speak" from the depths of their own mothers. Such beliefs have been found in some mythic characters Sagas, announcing his powers to their mothers before delivery. In Sweden it was believed that Odin or Freyja could make a baby with hugrunir runes (which are transformed into scholars) or Sigrun, that gave them strength and fortitude, what will become future kings or great heroes. In GALCI and Asturias is believed that one who has spoken from his mother's womb will be a future "wise" or good "menciñeiro" (healer) or a good "fixer" (equipped for injuries of the bones). Another rare

connection is the figure of As Tres Marias, popular manifestation where it was strange, very Christianized since the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which already gives it to be missing from popular culture. Basically, this is a trio of women with a broad spectrum of action in the rites of passage in the life of a person. In the decline of myth, and highly Christianized, these three women assumed the name "Maria" and could be present at birth, funerals, and even in healing rituals. It is in the rites of birth, where I see more clearly the imprint of some old acquaintances, one of the three women, showed the child to grandparents or people honored the people (a link with tradition and the past), one of them This gave his father (present), and a third, was responsible for announcing that it had a new member in the community (opening the door to tomorrow at all). In the funeral rites, these three women also took on very specific roles, one of which was in charge of telling everyone all the good that was done late in life, the second to remind everyone that the situation were those who left, and the third, helping the community claim for the loss of the deceased. It's me .. or is that the three Marys, resembling a very suspicious to the three Norns guardians of destiny?. Urd, "what happened", the destination, Verdandi, "what happens now") and Skuld "what should happen, or needs to happen" Judge for yourselves .. And also not to return later on the funeral rites, is quite curious habit of cutting the hair and nails of the deceased, which could well be a simple procedure to "clean up" the dead to their last trip, but this does not explain the curious custom collection in the area Ourense, to hide the cracks in the wall of the house of the dead hair "because they veer cheer as the" burn and nails, apparently because the condemned spirits with long fingernails scratching the door of "blur" a kind of purgatory where souls await the trial that finally acquitted or convicted (here only the souls that were not bad enough for condemnation or as good to reach the paradise), what puzzles me is that, use the hair den for any use that the release from captivity, just as those facing the Norse Hel, therefore, they cut his hair and nails, that did not form the "boat bone comb" transported them to Asgard in the Ragnarok. In any case, the "blur" this guarded by a huge Urco, a beast that reminds us Cervero (or even the Garm of Hella), indicates that we have a pagan myth surely.

Also among the sailors survived until just curious rites, and thrown into the river or the sea, a fish alive at the end of each fishing. He said this tradition "promise", many old sailors told me that is an old promise of thanks "to you saints" (but not one which could tell me to!). Norse offered tributes to Ran and Aegir, that enabled them to fish without unleashing his fury. More or less so do the Finns to appease Athi, which becomes much like a god Aegir. Another custom is to offer wine to the sea or trying to cut the storms with a knife. I do not know if somewhere in the north, is usually something similar, but this kind of magical rites are always and died relatively recently. If I have collected that Sames offer "wine and bread" to "Sea Chase" (say that the Norse did not show any better appreciation of Ran), cruel goddess who only wanted to increase its cut of slaves at the bottom of the sea, just stopping by her husband Aegir!.

was also customary in the highlands of Galicia, left at crossroads parts of livestock died of disease, for food "lobernos you," or other dark entities that could attack hikers or people who needed to make the road traffic his office, walking around carrying a silver coin or a campaign to defend these creatures. This same curious rite was done in Sweden, where in winter, fallen stock was offered to the wolves, but always choose the pieces ill or malnourished, to prevent "vargmen" men-vermin, guide him to the farms to packs of wolves. There he used the rhythmic beating of shields or even the money to scare off the beasts. To these we now turn to more detail, there reason to link them to myths of Nordic origin, Germany or in the worst cases, Celtic mythology (the most influenced by connections with Central Europe), in the end, all these myths would drink from the same common origin.

2 - SUPERNATURAL CREATURES OF THE UNDERWORLD AND THE ASGARD?:

I have already referred on occasion to a supernatural manifestation that is rampant in the mountains and forests of Galicia, often associated and confused with the host or hostilla (linked the Holy Company), I refer to Bode. The host is supposed to be a procession of souls, not necessarily good, not necessarily Christian, and that's where this comes into play Bode, we suspect, is none other than Wotan, Gauden, or Bodet (the latter land abounds in Catalan!). As guessed, this is because of Odin and wild game, according to the description of it there is a man enormously high, covered with a layer that lets you see only one eye that shines like fire. Carries a spear and long beards, and is accompanied by a host of claims Yell hound dogs, and Jon in Scandinavian lands, with which, hunting human souls. Sometimes it is a woman (to call it somehow), a rotting corpse lady holding a sword or burning spear heads this army which then leads us to the myth of the goddess Helda, Hella, or Hollda, the sister of Loki prevailing in the underworld and sometimes mimics hunting Odin, just that she looks just totally corrupt souls and no possibility of redemption.

And speaking of supernatural hosts is a myth equally common in northern Spain, the long march of the "old army", a ghostly horde of warriors who walk in the woods sometimes carry, long chains tied unfortunate not stop moaning, others are limited to go to some place unknown or find another ghost army and wage a battle to the astonished eye of the beholder. Is the description of this army which brings us (especially in Galicia and Asturias) and the Nordic or perhaps Goths, a troop uneven appearance, with huge round shields, carrying axes and spears ... not fit at all with the organized Roman army, and even less with the Arab troops in later centuries ...

And speaking of ghostly dogs in Galicia are multiple representations of hell dogs such as "a pilgrim CADELA" a huge dog with glowing eyes and fire-breathing, or "black dog" or "can do Urco" dogs of the underworld, linked to the legend of the Garm of Hella. There is also a huge repertoire of animals like wolves and foxes impossible to kill with magic powers, also common in the accounts of Germanic mythology. From the aforementioned Loberno, an animal that looks like a wolf or fox with reddish fur and spots that feeds on human cadavers and has the gift of becoming human, the usual list of wolves with magical powers or directly, werewolves and the like, such as "a peeira two wolves", which is very similar to the legends of witches Sames dominated packs of wolves, or wolf gives Xenta "which could corresponds perfectly with the vargmen Nordic men-vermin. The list would be endless, and talk one on one of them would require an extensive report separately because the wolf is a sacred animal and totemic myths Galician, Asturian and Basque, and I think in most of Spain recorded other stories and myths are very similar to those of Galicia. Another footprint

very curious, is the figure of thunder or Nubeiro, which can range from a giant who lives in the clouds and lightning discharges its striking with his fist or mallet (a clear reference to Thor or !!!), I a sorcerer who has the power to create storms, in Christian times, the process was urinating near a fountain, which rose a huge column of dust that allows up to clouds, or directly, to establish a water hose "that ascends to heaven and rushes where the order wizard. Among the Danes there is a similar myth, only the witch poured water mixed with blood from an animal ... Perhaps as the urine is not Christian but a mockery of the old rite ... Because the only one able to stop these creatures was the cure, using the psalms of the missal, against spells of thunder, in a battle of religion against paganism.

very strange Another custom was to plant the first grain harvest of just where he planted his first cow dung, or play the small notes in the field, and where urine have, planted the first large grain ceremony. Apparently something similar was to be among the clans in Germany, may have something to do with fertility rituals. A sample of the livestock or children have been amply fed in winter with the gifts of the Mother Goddess, by That is where restore honor to the land where these gifts and began planting. Also, as in half Scandinavia, is usually left on earth, the last grain to be fed "to Xenta Miuda", ie the people of elves and fairies and other faerie creatures so common to the whole Norse mythology and Germans.

And speaking of these people faerie, you must clearly mention the magical creature Mouros Galician by definition, people of the ruins of forts and burial mounds (mamoas) that would be connecting with other people like faerie Thusers in Norway, Finland Maanväki, Pyslingar in Sweden, Hulda Islands Niflunger Faroe and in Germany. Underground villages linked to the ancestors and guardians of great treasures. Brown-skinned (as children of the same land) and pagan customs, and moral that so ambiguous that it sometimes helps to humans, others punished for offenses such as excessive curiosity, greed or laziness.

are also very curious references to Auréana, some entities that inhabit the sources. In essence, these lovely ladies who spend their time knitting and combing her long golden locks. In this particular, is very curious legend Ana Manana, which is that expected in a magical source that the release of his spell to reward you with riches. Many say that this is the Celtic goddess Dana, always offer to try the challenge to release a package with a bun or cheese, and says he has to keep it until the next night, and that under no circumstances even think about looking at the contents of the package. But in this legend, there's always a woman, wife of the farmer, who intrigued by the package that urges her husband not to touch, gets up at dawn and opened the package, eating a piece of cheese or bread.

When the farmer returned to the source, the Goddess is angry, then flipping the packet to the source water, a horse appears lame ... and the captive can not go on ... The same legend applies to the "three Mouras", only instead of the one bread, there three. The oldest mounts a horse and after thanking the farmer his past good deeds, is underway ... The second, also mounted and after thanking the who go there that night, it will ... only the third moura, young, almost a girl gets caught by one leg missing his horse, and denies any reward to the farmer. Once again, past, present and tomorrow, the three Norns, there are even versions of the legend say that these Mouras inhabit a source with "three pools (three wells) and the second of the Moura, goes to find her sister and cries to see that "the future" is still captive (fortunately for all).

I would also note the "Piag" wells or calendar entries into the bowels of the earth, where, as in the old myths of the north or Germans, all kinds of animals live. From giant who can not see sunlight without turning rocks (Trolls!!), A dwarf day and night engaged in creating weapons for anyone knows mysterious army, or more in the bowels, a huge worm or snake, so large when it awakens from its lethargy, shakes the earth move!.

These old myths have lived for millennia among the people of my land, and if I am not surprised to hear of "Serpa turtles" and "cans do inferno" should not be surprising to find similar myths in other parts of the pee. There is only .. to take time to find ... I've already begun!