The family, in a broad sense, is the basic cell of society. Includes, in addition to relatives, close friends, brothers juries, relatives, foster parents, poor oversight of the house, etc. At least fifty people, because we are in very small communities, all depend, to varying degrees, the head of household and his wife.
According to a poem of the Edda, the Rígsthula that would justify the tripartite division of society into slaves and free men or kings jarls considered that the Vikings actually were organized into three major classes or social layers distinct. And in many passages of sagas, are evident such views. But it seems that the stratum of slaves, is the most problematic. While not unknown in the North, do not correspond to the idea that we tend to make us of them. Before the Viking Age, let us say anything that has known Scandinavian society a class that did not enjoy freedom. Then, after the first shock of looting, both men and cattle and goods, it is very likely that the Vikings had slaves. On the other hand, needed little time to discover that this was one of the most prized commodities in the world of his time. The slave trade quickly became the main activity of these traders fully aware of the laws of European or Asian market. It is assumed that this class in the lower ranks were those who could not afford to house, or proprietary, and lived in a sort of vassalage to some farm to which they offered their labor in exchange for his support and apartment together where they raise their offspring . However, they could get them to buy their freedom, or a free man to be a servant or slave if you ran up a debt that could not afford.
Moreover, in constant contact as they were, long before the Viking phenomenon itself, with the European world could not ignore the existence of the human category. Therefore, its establishment in Hedeby (Denmark, former Haithabu) would be one of the powerhouses of the traffic, comparable to that effect to Byzantium. Even seems established that the route of the East, one of the main routes of those sailors, linked precisely with Byzantium Hedeby southern Baltic, the complex Russian rivers and lakes from the bottom of the Gulf of Riga, to the imperial city through the Black Sea. In any case, is well documented the slave trade, but not its membership as the lowest rank of the ladder to the Viking era of Viking-era splendor. Although it is assumed that there were certain circumstances that could drag a man to a degree of servitude akin to slavery to pay a debt for example, or as compensation to a theft or minor crimes.
that led his country to some of its captives, which have been associated with life on his farm, which have been treated quite rudely, all that, in short, is in the order of things, at the time considered between IX and X. The authors of the sagas, in the thirteenth century, they did not know this custom rather than hearsay or their classic readings, have developed a theme to the coast so conventional that it seems completely excessive and dependent on literary topics to which these authors are so fond of, as slaves shameless cowardice, venality or incurable folly (The Saga of Snorri the Godi), is something that is understood quite well. Do not forget that a saga, by definition, is based on schemes Classical history-writing and narrative medieval Latin again and again and familiar with the notion of slavery as an inferior and no other value than the merchandise. The Icelanders who wrote these texts wanted more or less consciously, in imitation of what he did about their own country Hakonarsson King Hakon of Norway, assumed to have some manners and aristocratic worldview. It is understood that preference has developed the theme of slavery. It is believed to have grounds to say that the notion, and considered in a current sense, does not match what we know about the psychology of the ancient Scandinavians. The values \u200b\u200badopted and illustrate its history opposed the contempt of the human person. The same attitude is reflected somehow in the fact that while killing without problems, not imprisoned or tortured their victims. A slave, an individual can be captured in an expedition, or taken from another Scandinavian country, was released outside comprándosele again, paying an agreed sum or pursuant to the services provided. In short, was not covered escalvitud between Nordic ...
The next class is that which is made by the Viking half, known as Bondi. Almost is the farmer-fisherman-owner free to speak all the texts. There is one, if not defined within the family, as it denotes the choice of its name, which never left to chance. You can alliteration with the father or play a portion of one of their parents, or, if the firstborn, return the name of a famous ancestor. Recall that the family name does not exist, it is the child of his father (Egil Olavsdottir Olavsson or Astrid), this tradition in Iceland.
On the other hand, should prove capable bondi, legally, to recapitulate his lineage for several generations. Moreover, the idea of \u200b\u200b"malcasarse" marrying a woman of lower rank than his, with which, therefore there is a difference among families, it would not occur normally. The bondi is certain social category that is not expressed clearly in terms of assets, but perhaps sometimes even more, you can build in terms of age and race. Is a free man, bound to their rank and lineage ...
it be free in their person is obvious, just as is permitted to rent another house, made sharecropper or tenant. But it is not subjected to or is subdued by it. Again, it is especially their freedom of speech which characterizes him. At public meetings or Thing, is entitled to give his opinion without you can be legally prevented from doing so. He is entitled to an action in righteousness. It's usually a good knowledge of procedure and laws, and if they suffer an offense, is able to demand full compensation because the law, you do not know if you will, the death penalty, provides compensation for any type in case of transgression. That is, more or less range, free men can agree to serve a man more powerful than them, but they are under its yoke.
The bondi is a man for all, susceptible to all the features you would expect from a complete man, a farmer, fisherman, artisan, blacksmith, weaver, but also a lawyer, a performer of religious rites of private worship, poet, and a skilled participant in various games and a trader of high quality, right to count, estimate, sell or mortgage. And of course, the holder of the full power law or under established legal rules within their territory. That is, has full powers to be "the voice of command" and that their decisions are the law in its territory and property ... always within the strict obedience to the laws of the community.
Eventually, it is he who embarks on his Skeid and goes on an expedition of Vikings. Therefore, it is also a quality sailor, probably more or less versed in astronomy and in any case, a seaman first class. This is perhaps his greatest strength, it is surprising which is capable of doing at the helm of his boat. Of course, warriors can benefit both at home and outside it. But above all, a brilliant merchant and negotiate has been his main occupation. Sell \u200b\u200btheir grain and pigs if Danish, their iron and their skins if Swedish, its soapstone and wood if it is Norwegian, his vadmál (a type of very durable woolen cloth and special) and if Icelandic dried fish.
Viking expeditions used to be a kind of travel trade in the course of which, could be that martial concerns prevail over the commercial. The first concern they had was to win riches and fame and to that end were intended expeditions. In short, there is a sector in which the bondi not be able to exercise. Even in the arts, as they paid in the long winter nights to all sorts of odd jobs in order decorative or ornamental. It is the owner of expeditions, or "felagi" (partner) who helps them ....
Among this class, it is clear that there were different types. The sagas tell of "storboendr" big bondis and "smaboendr" or small bondis. The big ones are ranked well because they belong to a family and the old, giving it certain privileges probably not included in the texts, but the more obvious terms that require less comment. Are implemented in an ancient, even immemorial, which makes them often designated in relation to them and so legitimam allodial rights, which will be a precedent that will unleash great discord, because, above all, are rich men. While not absolutely determinative or decisive material values \u200b\u200bplayed a role in this world unquestionable. You had to have assets to pay a boat, for example. This involved considerable expense so often is associated to this type of acquisition number. For Viking understand that that sends and has, in whole or in part, a Knorr or a langskip, and could not be in any case, a needy. Let him go to cross the seas to acquire wealth, many runic inscriptions as they say, does not mean that talk of a poor man. Maybe not rich enough, or intends to increase his fortune to bolster his reputation, gain popularity, according to the same testimony. Or perhaps in the most remote of the cases, a free man, who has bought the right to sail with!. An excluded from Odal, is bound to start a new life, so that enrrolarse the service of a powerful bondi, ensures a promising start ....
is among large boendr, among which were chosen kings and chiefs. This is where the ruling class emerged, though not in line with the idea that we're used to us such status. The king "konungr" or kings, "konungar" were chosen or elected by large boendr, within some families (kyn, hence comes the word konungr), no one knows today what were the criteria for deciding this preference. His consecration was to make up a sacred stone, then make travel a given route, they "sanctified" by their presence and where they were recognized as such by the local thing. So, a king ruled over a concrete ground, a fertile area fjord or, rarely talk about great kings of nations, except at the end of the Viking era.
assumption was that if, for one reason or another, a king was satisfied, was removed (literally was "cast down" the consecration stone on which he had been pushed up to enthrone), even hanged. He had been chosen primarily for "one year fruitful and peace." Its legal powers, or magic, or even warring, even if we imagine that the charisms were part linked to their condition, not much is clear from our sources. One of the original, yes, from the Viking Age, will be to go progressively entronarizando Western-style kings, and the realization of this phenomenon marks the end, sense, the society of this culture.
Regarding the status of the "jarl", is a notion even less known than the konungr, but could be older and dynastic character revealed. The Rígsthula always have great difficulty distinguishing between earl and king. According to a number of runic inscriptions in the ancient Futhark, the earl became a connoisseur of the runes and initially thought they were a kind of ethnicity aside, thanks to its expertise in writing to obtain from their titles there nobility, which amount to be a count or something similar in Western acceptance. But it seems that in the Viking Age had a privileged social status. In short, probably the king did not play as significant a role in this society. And so, the group most important and decisive in the life of the Norse, was the bondi. Others point to Jarl as a gentleman warrior, able to mobilize and organize their own armed contingent. What would be a count or something very similar ... Important
reasons, such as habitat scattered, harsh climate, with scarce resources they had, etc, make the collective or communal sense is, by force of circumstances, highly developed in these societies. In this remain true, even now, still, ancient customs. Are pooled assets (félag) for all purposes. Each of the contractors or félagi, feels bound by a very strong bond that can reach the duty of revenge. We have examples of women also enter a félag.
This often provides complex results: an individual can own a boat room, a third of its load, or similar cases. It is possible that this association must, as we have seen, has been sealed by significant gestures of a more or less religious. Thus, the Varangians (varengjiar), the Vikings who were active in the East, should perhaps its name to "beach" solemn oath. The name, in this case, would apply to a brotherhood of traders bound by sacred vows, as existed in all of Europe at the time.
There were, moreover, other types of associations, semimercantiles, semireligious, as the "guild", which are probably from Frisian. Existed during the Viking Age in Scandinavia, it seems, to hear excellent luck then in the Christian era.
Finally, it should tell a little female role in the Viking society, contrary to what may seem, was not an exclusively male nucleus, which only had masculine values. It is evident that men, given the centuries IX, X and XI, were privileged, but not for that reason was void of women in society, as it did in the rest of Europe at that time. Bondi's wife, the husfreyja, had a completely privileged status, as indicated by the keys he wears on his waist. Indeed, it has the right to bring actions for justice and is excluded from public affairs, if we are to believe the Saga of Snorri the Godi, more for reasons of physical, because they had to unite the force of law with frequency obtaining relief, which for reasons of inferiority.
But it is his moral authority of the most surprising of these women. The woman is the soul of a society that her husband was no more than the arm. As the guardian of family traditions, both their own and those of her husband, who instilled in their children. She defends the honor of his clan, reminds men of the house to its right of retaliation in case of rape, through highly symbolic gestures, or sarcastic words intolerable. This can lead to situations such as those describing the Poetic Edda, in its great heroes, especially Gjukadottir Gudrun, whom we see trapped between the need to avenge their brothers and get justice for her husband. Be noted that, in general, these heroines remain true, first, the law of his own clan. We can imagine that his knowledge of genealogies alliterative properly, could have made it the initiator of poetry, and their attendance intimate memory of great ancestors, therefore its implicit worship the dead, could account for their collusion with magic, given the fact that magic, medicine and witchcraft, are much more common heritage of women than men.
seems established that Scandinavian women, even if they occupy a place in the thing, but not take part in the fighting, enjoyed a considerable esteem. The sagas of contemporaries prove that he was never considered an object of pleasure, to be respected and that their advice was always heard. For it was Mrs. innana undisputed huss (inside the house), or more precisely, innana stokks, past the threshold beam, which marked the domestic territory legally. Beyond that beam stokks utan, we are in the domain of man. He under external works, management at least, the enterprises of a political nature (the thing), martial or economic. But innana stokks, husfreyja reigns and no one disputes this prerogative, despite the presence of the concubines that the culture tolerated. This will not bring any result, since second-order wives or concubines, had no legal right, did not enter the estate and, in principle, children they had were not considered legitimate. He plays as the lady of the house, aided by a domestic service, which can sometimes be quite large, to ensure the supply and preparation of meals, taking care of home maintenance as a whole, raise and educate (or do educate) children, who are generally numerous, both own and that of friends or a relationship which, under the custom of fostr (practice of educating children to a certain period of time by a friend or relative or important person) has taken into his home for some time, devoted to the care of the farm as an incumbent by definition (dairy, for example), dealing of the poor wretches who were without doubt one of the plagues of the period and, in moments of rest, which, indeed, there should be neither long nor numerous, knitting, embroidery, etc.
should not make a great effort to imagine that his days were very busy. But it was appreciated and admired by family members in small communities within which they acted, it is clear. I mentioned referred to what today would be for us a great lady. The woman of the people, the average Scandinavian tenth century, nothing is known by the sagas. However, there is no reason to believe that his fate was very different from that of the great female characters of the sagas. In short, all the documents available, gives women a comparatively much more important than her "sister" western or southern.
For the poor, something mentioned above, we say that the Scandinavian countries were not rich. Also noted the sense of community in these societies. The poor (fatökisfolk) and the indigent (umagi, literally can not meet their needs) were numerous. Codes of laws and sagas enlighten us on the issue. There was a system that actually will last until our century, which was to commit a umagi or more, to a particular house for a certain time after of which, went to another and so on. It is not known whether the institution of "hrethr" applies to both in Scandinavia, as is attested only in Iceland, and if there was already in the Viking age, but is likely to be born of the Church and not be institutionalized until the century XI. Involving a time, speaking in modern terms, insurance against all risks (fire in particular), social security and welfare. This was a poor way to avoid that could become dangerous to the daily life of the farm. Welcoming the poor, they made sure arms would bring extra work to the necessities of home and security need not be attacked by of the needy. In return, they had a meal like a member of the family and a place to sleep and shelter from inclement weather.
Finally, with regard to children, the sagas describe us (and this is a trait that is not so common in Western medieval literature) sometimes their games and their interventions in adult life. Their status, if I may say so, is ephemeral, since it is an adult at age twelve, fourteen at the latest, depending on the locations and times, and since then it must assume all the responsibilities that go attached to that status. This does not prevent that in these texts and perhaps willfully rude blacks, who are sagas, we see how past evokes a boy or a girl having fun with toys, small animals which could be metal or wood, for example, as children of all time.
In ancient Iceland, before it entered the Christian rite, between the tenth and eleventh centuries, the goði (head of clan or goðorð) was an officer who exercised the powers of religious, political and judicial. Many also regarded as a kind of priest-lawyer next to the figure Druid.
Their number, unlimited in principle, be set later on 964 for three in each judicial district, a number that increased in the early years of the century XI. This dignity disappeared around the year 1262 to join the current Norruega Iceland
According to a poem of the Edda, the Rígsthula that would justify the tripartite division of society into slaves and free men or kings jarls considered that the Vikings actually were organized into three major classes or social layers distinct. And in many passages of sagas, are evident such views. But it seems that the stratum of slaves, is the most problematic. While not unknown in the North, do not correspond to the idea that we tend to make us of them. Before the Viking Age, let us say anything that has known Scandinavian society a class that did not enjoy freedom. Then, after the first shock of looting, both men and cattle and goods, it is very likely that the Vikings had slaves. On the other hand, needed little time to discover that this was one of the most prized commodities in the world of his time. The slave trade quickly became the main activity of these traders fully aware of the laws of European or Asian market. It is assumed that this class in the lower ranks were those who could not afford to house, or proprietary, and lived in a sort of vassalage to some farm to which they offered their labor in exchange for his support and apartment together where they raise their offspring . However, they could get them to buy their freedom, or a free man to be a servant or slave if you ran up a debt that could not afford.
Moreover, in constant contact as they were, long before the Viking phenomenon itself, with the European world could not ignore the existence of the human category. Therefore, its establishment in Hedeby (Denmark, former Haithabu) would be one of the powerhouses of the traffic, comparable to that effect to Byzantium. Even seems established that the route of the East, one of the main routes of those sailors, linked precisely with Byzantium Hedeby southern Baltic, the complex Russian rivers and lakes from the bottom of the Gulf of Riga, to the imperial city through the Black Sea. In any case, is well documented the slave trade, but not its membership as the lowest rank of the ladder to the Viking era of Viking-era splendor. Although it is assumed that there were certain circumstances that could drag a man to a degree of servitude akin to slavery to pay a debt for example, or as compensation to a theft or minor crimes.
that led his country to some of its captives, which have been associated with life on his farm, which have been treated quite rudely, all that, in short, is in the order of things, at the time considered between IX and X. The authors of the sagas, in the thirteenth century, they did not know this custom rather than hearsay or their classic readings, have developed a theme to the coast so conventional that it seems completely excessive and dependent on literary topics to which these authors are so fond of, as slaves shameless cowardice, venality or incurable folly (The Saga of Snorri the Godi), is something that is understood quite well. Do not forget that a saga, by definition, is based on schemes Classical history-writing and narrative medieval Latin again and again and familiar with the notion of slavery as an inferior and no other value than the merchandise. The Icelanders who wrote these texts wanted more or less consciously, in imitation of what he did about their own country Hakonarsson King Hakon of Norway, assumed to have some manners and aristocratic worldview. It is understood that preference has developed the theme of slavery. It is believed to have grounds to say that the notion, and considered in a current sense, does not match what we know about the psychology of the ancient Scandinavians. The values \u200b\u200badopted and illustrate its history opposed the contempt of the human person. The same attitude is reflected somehow in the fact that while killing without problems, not imprisoned or tortured their victims. A slave, an individual can be captured in an expedition, or taken from another Scandinavian country, was released outside comprándosele again, paying an agreed sum or pursuant to the services provided. In short, was not covered escalvitud between Nordic ...
The next class is that which is made by the Viking half, known as Bondi. Almost is the farmer-fisherman-owner free to speak all the texts. There is one, if not defined within the family, as it denotes the choice of its name, which never left to chance. You can alliteration with the father or play a portion of one of their parents, or, if the firstborn, return the name of a famous ancestor. Recall that the family name does not exist, it is the child of his father (Egil Olavsdottir Olavsson or Astrid), this tradition in Iceland.
On the other hand, should prove capable bondi, legally, to recapitulate his lineage for several generations. Moreover, the idea of \u200b\u200b"malcasarse" marrying a woman of lower rank than his, with which, therefore there is a difference among families, it would not occur normally. The bondi is certain social category that is not expressed clearly in terms of assets, but perhaps sometimes even more, you can build in terms of age and race. Is a free man, bound to their rank and lineage ...
it be free in their person is obvious, just as is permitted to rent another house, made sharecropper or tenant. But it is not subjected to or is subdued by it. Again, it is especially their freedom of speech which characterizes him. At public meetings or Thing, is entitled to give his opinion without you can be legally prevented from doing so. He is entitled to an action in righteousness. It's usually a good knowledge of procedure and laws, and if they suffer an offense, is able to demand full compensation because the law, you do not know if you will, the death penalty, provides compensation for any type in case of transgression. That is, more or less range, free men can agree to serve a man more powerful than them, but they are under its yoke.
The bondi is a man for all, susceptible to all the features you would expect from a complete man, a farmer, fisherman, artisan, blacksmith, weaver, but also a lawyer, a performer of religious rites of private worship, poet, and a skilled participant in various games and a trader of high quality, right to count, estimate, sell or mortgage. And of course, the holder of the full power law or under established legal rules within their territory. That is, has full powers to be "the voice of command" and that their decisions are the law in its territory and property ... always within the strict obedience to the laws of the community.
Eventually, it is he who embarks on his Skeid and goes on an expedition of Vikings. Therefore, it is also a quality sailor, probably more or less versed in astronomy and in any case, a seaman first class. This is perhaps his greatest strength, it is surprising which is capable of doing at the helm of his boat. Of course, warriors can benefit both at home and outside it. But above all, a brilliant merchant and negotiate has been his main occupation. Sell \u200b\u200btheir grain and pigs if Danish, their iron and their skins if Swedish, its soapstone and wood if it is Norwegian, his vadmál (a type of very durable woolen cloth and special) and if Icelandic dried fish.
Viking expeditions used to be a kind of travel trade in the course of which, could be that martial concerns prevail over the commercial. The first concern they had was to win riches and fame and to that end were intended expeditions. In short, there is a sector in which the bondi not be able to exercise. Even in the arts, as they paid in the long winter nights to all sorts of odd jobs in order decorative or ornamental. It is the owner of expeditions, or "felagi" (partner) who helps them ....
Among this class, it is clear that there were different types. The sagas tell of "storboendr" big bondis and "smaboendr" or small bondis. The big ones are ranked well because they belong to a family and the old, giving it certain privileges probably not included in the texts, but the more obvious terms that require less comment. Are implemented in an ancient, even immemorial, which makes them often designated in relation to them and so legitimam allodial rights, which will be a precedent that will unleash great discord, because, above all, are rich men. While not absolutely determinative or decisive material values \u200b\u200bplayed a role in this world unquestionable. You had to have assets to pay a boat, for example. This involved considerable expense so often is associated to this type of acquisition number. For Viking understand that that sends and has, in whole or in part, a Knorr or a langskip, and could not be in any case, a needy. Let him go to cross the seas to acquire wealth, many runic inscriptions as they say, does not mean that talk of a poor man. Maybe not rich enough, or intends to increase his fortune to bolster his reputation, gain popularity, according to the same testimony. Or perhaps in the most remote of the cases, a free man, who has bought the right to sail with!. An excluded from Odal, is bound to start a new life, so that enrrolarse the service of a powerful bondi, ensures a promising start ....
is among large boendr, among which were chosen kings and chiefs. This is where the ruling class emerged, though not in line with the idea that we're used to us such status. The king "konungr" or kings, "konungar" were chosen or elected by large boendr, within some families (kyn, hence comes the word konungr), no one knows today what were the criteria for deciding this preference. His consecration was to make up a sacred stone, then make travel a given route, they "sanctified" by their presence and where they were recognized as such by the local thing. So, a king ruled over a concrete ground, a fertile area fjord or, rarely talk about great kings of nations, except at the end of the Viking era.
assumption was that if, for one reason or another, a king was satisfied, was removed (literally was "cast down" the consecration stone on which he had been pushed up to enthrone), even hanged. He had been chosen primarily for "one year fruitful and peace." Its legal powers, or magic, or even warring, even if we imagine that the charisms were part linked to their condition, not much is clear from our sources. One of the original, yes, from the Viking Age, will be to go progressively entronarizando Western-style kings, and the realization of this phenomenon marks the end, sense, the society of this culture.
Regarding the status of the "jarl", is a notion even less known than the konungr, but could be older and dynastic character revealed. The Rígsthula always have great difficulty distinguishing between earl and king. According to a number of runic inscriptions in the ancient Futhark, the earl became a connoisseur of the runes and initially thought they were a kind of ethnicity aside, thanks to its expertise in writing to obtain from their titles there nobility, which amount to be a count or something similar in Western acceptance. But it seems that in the Viking Age had a privileged social status. In short, probably the king did not play as significant a role in this society. And so, the group most important and decisive in the life of the Norse, was the bondi. Others point to Jarl as a gentleman warrior, able to mobilize and organize their own armed contingent. What would be a count or something very similar ... Important
reasons, such as habitat scattered, harsh climate, with scarce resources they had, etc, make the collective or communal sense is, by force of circumstances, highly developed in these societies. In this remain true, even now, still, ancient customs. Are pooled assets (félag) for all purposes. Each of the contractors or félagi, feels bound by a very strong bond that can reach the duty of revenge. We have examples of women also enter a félag.
This often provides complex results: an individual can own a boat room, a third of its load, or similar cases. It is possible that this association must, as we have seen, has been sealed by significant gestures of a more or less religious. Thus, the Varangians (varengjiar), the Vikings who were active in the East, should perhaps its name to "beach" solemn oath. The name, in this case, would apply to a brotherhood of traders bound by sacred vows, as existed in all of Europe at the time.
There were, moreover, other types of associations, semimercantiles, semireligious, as the "guild", which are probably from Frisian. Existed during the Viking Age in Scandinavia, it seems, to hear excellent luck then in the Christian era.
Finally, it should tell a little female role in the Viking society, contrary to what may seem, was not an exclusively male nucleus, which only had masculine values. It is evident that men, given the centuries IX, X and XI, were privileged, but not for that reason was void of women in society, as it did in the rest of Europe at that time. Bondi's wife, the husfreyja, had a completely privileged status, as indicated by the keys he wears on his waist. Indeed, it has the right to bring actions for justice and is excluded from public affairs, if we are to believe the Saga of Snorri the Godi, more for reasons of physical, because they had to unite the force of law with frequency obtaining relief, which for reasons of inferiority.
But it is his moral authority of the most surprising of these women. The woman is the soul of a society that her husband was no more than the arm. As the guardian of family traditions, both their own and those of her husband, who instilled in their children. She defends the honor of his clan, reminds men of the house to its right of retaliation in case of rape, through highly symbolic gestures, or sarcastic words intolerable. This can lead to situations such as those describing the Poetic Edda, in its great heroes, especially Gjukadottir Gudrun, whom we see trapped between the need to avenge their brothers and get justice for her husband. Be noted that, in general, these heroines remain true, first, the law of his own clan. We can imagine that his knowledge of genealogies alliterative properly, could have made it the initiator of poetry, and their attendance intimate memory of great ancestors, therefore its implicit worship the dead, could account for their collusion with magic, given the fact that magic, medicine and witchcraft, are much more common heritage of women than men.
seems established that Scandinavian women, even if they occupy a place in the thing, but not take part in the fighting, enjoyed a considerable esteem. The sagas of contemporaries prove that he was never considered an object of pleasure, to be respected and that their advice was always heard. For it was Mrs. innana undisputed huss (inside the house), or more precisely, innana stokks, past the threshold beam, which marked the domestic territory legally. Beyond that beam stokks utan, we are in the domain of man. He under external works, management at least, the enterprises of a political nature (the thing), martial or economic. But innana stokks, husfreyja reigns and no one disputes this prerogative, despite the presence of the concubines that the culture tolerated. This will not bring any result, since second-order wives or concubines, had no legal right, did not enter the estate and, in principle, children they had were not considered legitimate. He plays as the lady of the house, aided by a domestic service, which can sometimes be quite large, to ensure the supply and preparation of meals, taking care of home maintenance as a whole, raise and educate (or do educate) children, who are generally numerous, both own and that of friends or a relationship which, under the custom of fostr (practice of educating children to a certain period of time by a friend or relative or important person) has taken into his home for some time, devoted to the care of the farm as an incumbent by definition (dairy, for example), dealing of the poor wretches who were without doubt one of the plagues of the period and, in moments of rest, which, indeed, there should be neither long nor numerous, knitting, embroidery, etc.
should not make a great effort to imagine that his days were very busy. But it was appreciated and admired by family members in small communities within which they acted, it is clear. I mentioned referred to what today would be for us a great lady. The woman of the people, the average Scandinavian tenth century, nothing is known by the sagas. However, there is no reason to believe that his fate was very different from that of the great female characters of the sagas. In short, all the documents available, gives women a comparatively much more important than her "sister" western or southern.
For the poor, something mentioned above, we say that the Scandinavian countries were not rich. Also noted the sense of community in these societies. The poor (fatökisfolk) and the indigent (umagi, literally can not meet their needs) were numerous. Codes of laws and sagas enlighten us on the issue. There was a system that actually will last until our century, which was to commit a umagi or more, to a particular house for a certain time after of which, went to another and so on. It is not known whether the institution of "hrethr" applies to both in Scandinavia, as is attested only in Iceland, and if there was already in the Viking age, but is likely to be born of the Church and not be institutionalized until the century XI. Involving a time, speaking in modern terms, insurance against all risks (fire in particular), social security and welfare. This was a poor way to avoid that could become dangerous to the daily life of the farm. Welcoming the poor, they made sure arms would bring extra work to the necessities of home and security need not be attacked by of the needy. In return, they had a meal like a member of the family and a place to sleep and shelter from inclement weather.
Finally, with regard to children, the sagas describe us (and this is a trait that is not so common in Western medieval literature) sometimes their games and their interventions in adult life. Their status, if I may say so, is ephemeral, since it is an adult at age twelve, fourteen at the latest, depending on the locations and times, and since then it must assume all the responsibilities that go attached to that status. This does not prevent that in these texts and perhaps willfully rude blacks, who are sagas, we see how past evokes a boy or a girl having fun with toys, small animals which could be metal or wood, for example, as children of all time.
In ancient Iceland, before it entered the Christian rite, between the tenth and eleventh centuries, the goði (head of clan or goðorð) was an officer who exercised the powers of religious, political and judicial. Many also regarded as a kind of priest-lawyer next to the figure Druid.
Their number, unlimited in principle, be set later on 964 for three in each judicial district, a number that increased in the early years of the century XI. This dignity disappeared around the year 1262 to join the current Norruega Iceland
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