TING ASSEMBLY
could locate this article and the reconstruction of the facts in any of the communities Nordic, especially in Iceland in the Várting (spring meeting), the Leire (the assembly of autumn) or Allting (higher assembly), parts of the basic legal family unit, the SAR, the domain of a Bondi and his family, united by what is known as aetterfi (the heritage). The Odal as indivisible property bequeathed by heredity, is the basis of the union of a clan. Thus, we have a aett or kyn (clan, family), preparing to attend the grand assembly, preparing the cart to carry your basic impedimenta needed to spend several days in Horgan (the sacred place reserved for worship and assembly) . It is possible that, on the way, meet with friends from other clans, more or less of the same rank and status, and make the journey together.
The mannamunr (differences in rank), make this type of event, where every free man, you can go and be heard, as a basic right denied, however, is not the same as a Stórboendr (a senior bondi) perhaps historical lineage, and some notable and respectability in the assembly, an owner of a boer (farm), rather, located in the range of Sinmaboendr (small bondi), or a Traell (servant) disenfranchised in the assembly, represented by his "boss", who will defend their interests as part of their own, and it serves on his farm.
So we have to husbondi and husfreya, as heads of households, and some associates, set up his Bud (Store shelf) in the course of the meeting, possibly next to those of the same range (up to that, there are differences to locate the store). Consider, that the assembly will last several days, and it is likely that this meeting is also an important social and cultural forum for the people of this talk later ...
The Tingbrekka (ting failure) will be formally dedicated to Tyr in all likelihood, and maybe Thor and Odin, in a measure intended to strengthen the tinghelgi, namely the sanctity of the assembly, and what it decides. Similarly, each participant, to provide the beach, a considered sacred and binding oath to the gods (for what he was missing a serious crime.) Unable to bear arms in the great sacred failure (a hollow, or failing that mound, where the assembly met.) It is believed that each family or clan, should be properly presented, even ceremonial oath, complete this long process could begin the assembly itself.
The Lögsogumadr, as chairman of the meeting, heads turn taking, although this function is believed to be rotating three in three years, including the recitation of the law, often stanzas, for better understanding. Each case (wrong), had legislated their compensation, the bot or mannboert. Most cases in litigation, are no more minor faults between farmers, conflicts over land, cattle or other domestic, in these cases, we estimate the missing, and the assembly, simply judge the guilt or innocence, and reached the case, legal redress. Are the most complex cases, which could reach remarkable levels of complication, still common among the clans of a certain range, the presence of Lagamadr (lawyers) who know of similar cases that could pose unprecedented, and of course the law. In these cases, the process could very well be long and arduous, and not resolved at a meeting.
There are three ways to establish justice, the first is the COUNCIL FRIENDLY, where both sides tried to reach an agreement and establish the appropriate legal redress, so that both parties could come out of the dispute, with the least possible damage. This almost always required a certain degree of admission of guilt by a party, was what became known as eindoemi or sjálfdoemi (personal opinion or view of the victim), where the offender, he accepted his guilt and in some ways, sought compensation for not reaching higher. It was what was known as Foer höfud sitt (giving head). The victim, accepted this sign of reconciliation, and once established, legal redress, the case is rarely reached
older ... But sometimes there were cases that could not be solved so simply, since the fault was not susceptible any legal compensation (murder, rape ...) was what was known as obótamal (if undignified), in this case, it could reach a justice process, which established a complex network, the sóknogvörn (court) consisting of a Kvird (jury) of twelve búakbird (the wise council, neighbors of the jury). The complainant (Adili) came to the meeting with his proclamation of guilt on the accused (Lysa surveillance), this could admit his fault, or try to deflect the blame, featuring turn, is supposed jury witnesses in his defense. As you can imagine, this type of process, could stretch a lot and become very complex, as each party was gaining support and new sworn testimony ... The complainant presents his oath, the defendant's own ... and the thing he rolled in so cute ...
ARBITRATION is presented as another way of resolving a dispute, mediation is sought gödviljammen a group of men of good will, conciliators, to evaluate the evidence in the fat (arbitration), here is common to use formulas of innocence and the ISDR (oath of innocence), to the gods, though, this did not stop the complainant, which in turn, swear by the gods, which is the one in front, the culprit his fault. Therefore, an evidence of innocence or guilt of the accused, evidence that it could pass for real ordeal, if such expression could be considered among the Norse. It is noteworthy that these people did not believe in a direct justice of the gods, they bequeathed to humanity the laws, and such is served man for justice processes, so the arbitration and the ordeals I seem to have been very frequent. In any case, it speaks in a story to carry the hot iron (jarnburdr) or proof of the stone (ketiltak), collect by hand a stone into a pot with boiling water or the "test of fire" basically walking on a hot stone or embers ... It Hopefully, it were not emerge unscathed from such tests, but the referees assessed the damage of everyone, and whom the gods gave him more favor. In many cases, you get to direct provocation holmganga, mourning, understood as a kind of ordeal, which have several variants, so worth it, stopping to view in detail.
When Skard (gap offense) is very serious, it is possible to reach decision the hefnd, bloody revenge. It is assumed that when two men decide to settle their differences in a duel, one of the few advantages is that it assumes that everything will end in that duel. Otherwise, revenge can be a big loop without end, life for life, until, for generations, nobody remembers the beginning of the offense. So, it follows a ritual procedure by which the two contestants choose their own arbitrators. These are dedicated to monitoring the arms of rival, that mourning is governed by the rules. Originally, the match wore on an island, which were brought the two rivals, after the judges had made the necessary checks, the two wrestlers faced, only one returned. Another variation was that the two rivals met without exceeding the limits of a calf skin spread on the ground, (with so little space, often, the fight was decided in a single set, or directly to death). Among the Swedes, the terrain of struggle, is delimited by four sticks of oak, each rival, threw one at his right hand and another on his back ... so be delimited more or less a battleground, prolonging imaginary lines of the rods.
Finally, we turn to the sentences, the majority of cases were settled with compensation fixed, the Bot, the amount is praised precisely because often the payment of such compensation, either in money or spice (vadmal, skins, etc) could leave the ruin of the defendant, or the best, make down the social ladder. Era event grave When and defendant lacked fund or property paying could pass serve offending sometimes years) address until all debt at assembly presenting either as leysingi (released) Once settled the debt, for the record of compliance with the law.
When the case is serious, and there are a defendant, pending proceedings, is granted a time grid (truce), this guarantees a certain degree of immunity, (heilagr) at least until it is rendered a final decision on your case. The inmate remains in a gardr (a fence) and while in the baurgrfjörd (Circle of Life), will be guaranteed their safety. The assembly thus used to protect the prisoners in the process, they used to pay a fixed amount to keep them safe. When the prisoner was recognized as guilty, was deprived of its frid (peace), in a sense, was presented to all as guilty and was facing sentencing, this could be a considerable sum, which he reduced in practice to be a service Trall the applicant, or if the matter was really serious, to be considered nidirgr (infamous), which, Case could even lead to the punishment of ostracism or exile. The fjördbaugsgard, was originally an exile for three years, could be an area or a large region, once the deadline, the prisoner was rehabilitated socially. The skoggangr was more serious, this is a total ban, the defendant is considered unfit to be taken to be sociable, it is considered a Vargr (vermin), and as such, no one had helped him, any bondi to be bothered by such individual can freely kill, it is not worthy of living among people. This type of punishment was by far worse than the death penalty, sentencing the defendant to be a uttlagin (an outlaw, outlaw), surviving to loot or steal from travelers who venture into the forests, often Vargr were hunted like wild beasts for their misdeeds, and were hung at the crossroads as a warning to others who wanted to break laws.
statements tended to be endorsed by severe oaths (tylftareidr), and of course, remembered by jurors and men of law as a precedent for other similar processes ...
not lacking in the assemblies and animation that around, regardless of the meetings, other events, because in a society where people live in independent farms, separated by considerable distances, this type of meeting often became in events of great social relevance. The people gathered at night around the campfire, listening to the news and the latest developments of any significance, "HVA ad Fretta er?" (Which I know again), used to be a greeting still in force in Iceland, where two cross neighbors after a while and share the latest news. So people gather to hear the stories of the sagnamadr (sagas meters) and is expected to be close ties of friendship, be reconciled agreements concluded even weddings.
I also have religious services, after all, justice is a sacred trust. Thus, between the party and general entertainment will also be mindful of the sacrifices of gratitude to the gods, the games in his honor and propitiatory rites to ingratiate himself with Tyr.
As a final consideration, I note that the applicant concerned to take charge of that decision (to his credit) is fulfilled, since among the Nordic countries, does not recognize the existence of police, regular army or any other repressive forces. However, the condemned, it suited him serve his sentence, not to be found guilty of failing to law, and fall in consideration of Vargr already mentioned.
The mannamunr (differences in rank), make this type of event, where every free man, you can go and be heard, as a basic right denied, however, is not the same as a Stórboendr (a senior bondi) perhaps historical lineage, and some notable and respectability in the assembly, an owner of a boer (farm), rather, located in the range of Sinmaboendr (small bondi), or a Traell (servant) disenfranchised in the assembly, represented by his "boss", who will defend their interests as part of their own, and it serves on his farm.
So we have to husbondi and husfreya, as heads of households, and some associates, set up his Bud (Store shelf) in the course of the meeting, possibly next to those of the same range (up to that, there are differences to locate the store). Consider, that the assembly will last several days, and it is likely that this meeting is also an important social and cultural forum for the people of this talk later ...
The Tingbrekka (ting failure) will be formally dedicated to Tyr in all likelihood, and maybe Thor and Odin, in a measure intended to strengthen the tinghelgi, namely the sanctity of the assembly, and what it decides. Similarly, each participant, to provide the beach, a considered sacred and binding oath to the gods (for what he was missing a serious crime.) Unable to bear arms in the great sacred failure (a hollow, or failing that mound, where the assembly met.) It is believed that each family or clan, should be properly presented, even ceremonial oath, complete this long process could begin the assembly itself.
The Lögsogumadr, as chairman of the meeting, heads turn taking, although this function is believed to be rotating three in three years, including the recitation of the law, often stanzas, for better understanding. Each case (wrong), had legislated their compensation, the bot or mannboert. Most cases in litigation, are no more minor faults between farmers, conflicts over land, cattle or other domestic, in these cases, we estimate the missing, and the assembly, simply judge the guilt or innocence, and reached the case, legal redress. Are the most complex cases, which could reach remarkable levels of complication, still common among the clans of a certain range, the presence of Lagamadr (lawyers) who know of similar cases that could pose unprecedented, and of course the law. In these cases, the process could very well be long and arduous, and not resolved at a meeting.
There are three ways to establish justice, the first is the COUNCIL FRIENDLY, where both sides tried to reach an agreement and establish the appropriate legal redress, so that both parties could come out of the dispute, with the least possible damage. This almost always required a certain degree of admission of guilt by a party, was what became known as eindoemi or sjálfdoemi (personal opinion or view of the victim), where the offender, he accepted his guilt and in some ways, sought compensation for not reaching higher. It was what was known as Foer höfud sitt (giving head). The victim, accepted this sign of reconciliation, and once established, legal redress, the case is rarely reached
older ... But sometimes there were cases that could not be solved so simply, since the fault was not susceptible any legal compensation (murder, rape ...) was what was known as obótamal (if undignified), in this case, it could reach a justice process, which established a complex network, the sóknogvörn (court) consisting of a Kvird (jury) of twelve búakbird (the wise council, neighbors of the jury). The complainant (Adili) came to the meeting with his proclamation of guilt on the accused (Lysa surveillance), this could admit his fault, or try to deflect the blame, featuring turn, is supposed jury witnesses in his defense. As you can imagine, this type of process, could stretch a lot and become very complex, as each party was gaining support and new sworn testimony ... The complainant presents his oath, the defendant's own ... and the thing he rolled in so cute ...
ARBITRATION is presented as another way of resolving a dispute, mediation is sought gödviljammen a group of men of good will, conciliators, to evaluate the evidence in the fat (arbitration), here is common to use formulas of innocence and the ISDR (oath of innocence), to the gods, though, this did not stop the complainant, which in turn, swear by the gods, which is the one in front, the culprit his fault. Therefore, an evidence of innocence or guilt of the accused, evidence that it could pass for real ordeal, if such expression could be considered among the Norse. It is noteworthy that these people did not believe in a direct justice of the gods, they bequeathed to humanity the laws, and such is served man for justice processes, so the arbitration and the ordeals I seem to have been very frequent. In any case, it speaks in a story to carry the hot iron (jarnburdr) or proof of the stone (ketiltak), collect by hand a stone into a pot with boiling water or the "test of fire" basically walking on a hot stone or embers ... It Hopefully, it were not emerge unscathed from such tests, but the referees assessed the damage of everyone, and whom the gods gave him more favor. In many cases, you get to direct provocation holmganga, mourning, understood as a kind of ordeal, which have several variants, so worth it, stopping to view in detail.
When Skard (gap offense) is very serious, it is possible to reach decision the hefnd, bloody revenge. It is assumed that when two men decide to settle their differences in a duel, one of the few advantages is that it assumes that everything will end in that duel. Otherwise, revenge can be a big loop without end, life for life, until, for generations, nobody remembers the beginning of the offense. So, it follows a ritual procedure by which the two contestants choose their own arbitrators. These are dedicated to monitoring the arms of rival, that mourning is governed by the rules. Originally, the match wore on an island, which were brought the two rivals, after the judges had made the necessary checks, the two wrestlers faced, only one returned. Another variation was that the two rivals met without exceeding the limits of a calf skin spread on the ground, (with so little space, often, the fight was decided in a single set, or directly to death). Among the Swedes, the terrain of struggle, is delimited by four sticks of oak, each rival, threw one at his right hand and another on his back ... so be delimited more or less a battleground, prolonging imaginary lines of the rods.
Finally, we turn to the sentences, the majority of cases were settled with compensation fixed, the Bot, the amount is praised precisely because often the payment of such compensation, either in money or spice (vadmal, skins, etc) could leave the ruin of the defendant, or the best, make down the social ladder. Era event grave When and defendant lacked fund or property paying could pass serve offending sometimes years) address until all debt at assembly presenting either as leysingi (released) Once settled the debt, for the record of compliance with the law.
When the case is serious, and there are a defendant, pending proceedings, is granted a time grid (truce), this guarantees a certain degree of immunity, (heilagr) at least until it is rendered a final decision on your case. The inmate remains in a gardr (a fence) and while in the baurgrfjörd (Circle of Life), will be guaranteed their safety. The assembly thus used to protect the prisoners in the process, they used to pay a fixed amount to keep them safe. When the prisoner was recognized as guilty, was deprived of its frid (peace), in a sense, was presented to all as guilty and was facing sentencing, this could be a considerable sum, which he reduced in practice to be a service Trall the applicant, or if the matter was really serious, to be considered nidirgr (infamous), which, Case could even lead to the punishment of ostracism or exile. The fjördbaugsgard, was originally an exile for three years, could be an area or a large region, once the deadline, the prisoner was rehabilitated socially. The skoggangr was more serious, this is a total ban, the defendant is considered unfit to be taken to be sociable, it is considered a Vargr (vermin), and as such, no one had helped him, any bondi to be bothered by such individual can freely kill, it is not worthy of living among people. This type of punishment was by far worse than the death penalty, sentencing the defendant to be a uttlagin (an outlaw, outlaw), surviving to loot or steal from travelers who venture into the forests, often Vargr were hunted like wild beasts for their misdeeds, and were hung at the crossroads as a warning to others who wanted to break laws.
statements tended to be endorsed by severe oaths (tylftareidr), and of course, remembered by jurors and men of law as a precedent for other similar processes ...
not lacking in the assemblies and animation that around, regardless of the meetings, other events, because in a society where people live in independent farms, separated by considerable distances, this type of meeting often became in events of great social relevance. The people gathered at night around the campfire, listening to the news and the latest developments of any significance, "HVA ad Fretta er?" (Which I know again), used to be a greeting still in force in Iceland, where two cross neighbors after a while and share the latest news. So people gather to hear the stories of the sagnamadr (sagas meters) and is expected to be close ties of friendship, be reconciled agreements concluded even weddings.
I also have religious services, after all, justice is a sacred trust. Thus, between the party and general entertainment will also be mindful of the sacrifices of gratitude to the gods, the games in his honor and propitiatory rites to ingratiate himself with Tyr.
As a final consideration, I note that the applicant concerned to take charge of that decision (to his credit) is fulfilled, since among the Nordic countries, does not recognize the existence of police, regular army or any other repressive forces. However, the condemned, it suited him serve his sentence, not to be found guilty of failing to law, and fall in consideration of Vargr already mentioned.
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